Teoría de Nudos y el ADN
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[ES] En este trabajo se pretende ofrecer una pequeña introducción a la teoría de nudos y
su aplicación a la biología. Los nudos son objetos matemáticos que se pueden clasificar
mediante una clase de equivalencia; para poder compararlos, utilizaremos una serie de
invariantes que nos aportan información de si éstos son equivalentes o no. Además, estudiaremos cómo se relaciona esta teoría con la teoría de enredos y algunas de sus operaciones
básicas.
Una vez visto el marco teórico, comprobaremos cómo se pueden aplicar en el campo
de la Biología. En concreto, nos centraremos en la analogía que existe con algunas enzimas
que actúan sobre el ADN circular. Las topoisomerasas, al igual que las recombinasas, son
dos casos particulares de enzimas que cambian la topología del ADN, afectando consecuentemente a la forma que presenta y sus propiedades asociadas. Ambas serán de gran interés
para el objetivo final de este trabajo: demostrar que las teorías de nudos y enredos son
capaces de explicar el comportamiento de estas enzimas.
[EN] The objective of this work is to give a brief introduction to the knot theory and its biology application. The knots are mathematical objects that can be classified according to an equivalent class. In order to compare them, we will use a group of invariants that will provide us information so that we can determine if they are equivalent or not. Furthermore, we will study how this theory is related to the knot theory as well as its basic operations. Once we have reviewed the theoretical framework, we will check its applications in Biology. In particular, we will focus on the existent analogy with certain enzymes which act upon circular DNA. Topoisomerases as well as recombinases are two particular cases of enzymes that modify the DNA topology, altering its structure and properties. Both will be really useful for the main objective of this paper which is showing that the knot and tangle theory can explain the behaviour of these enzymes.
[EN] The objective of this work is to give a brief introduction to the knot theory and its biology application. The knots are mathematical objects that can be classified according to an equivalent class. In order to compare them, we will use a group of invariants that will provide us information so that we can determine if they are equivalent or not. Furthermore, we will study how this theory is related to the knot theory as well as its basic operations. Once we have reviewed the theoretical framework, we will check its applications in Biology. In particular, we will focus on the existent analogy with certain enzymes which act upon circular DNA. Topoisomerases as well as recombinases are two particular cases of enzymes that modify the DNA topology, altering its structure and properties. Both will be really useful for the main objective of this paper which is showing that the knot and tangle theory can explain the behaviour of these enzymes.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2020-2021
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