Curvaturas y giroscopios
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[ES] A lo largo de este trabajo estudiaremos la relación existente entre la curvatura de Gauss
de una superficie y un campo magnético. Para ello, introduciremos primero una serie de
definiciones y resultados necesarios para profundizar en dicha relación y poder demostrarla.
Después, definiremos la “peonza de Lagrange” y consideraremos un caso más general de
esta (un disco que gira tangente a una superficie lisa) para comprobar que el movimiento
de este es el mismo que el movimiento de una partícula cargada en un campo magnético
normal a una esfera. Todo esto da lugar al resultado principal del trabajo, F = LKv, siendo
F la fuerza adicional que actúa sobre el centro del disco debido al efecto giroscópico, L el
momento angular axial del disco, v la velocidad de este y K la curvatura de Gauss de la
superficie. Estudiaremos primero este resultado en una versión con coordenadas, logrando
al final relacionar la curvatura de Gauss de la superficie en la que se encuentra el disco
con la energía cinética de este. Más adelante, escribiremos de una forma más geométrica y
sin coordenadas el movimiento del disco en la superficie, logrando así tener las ecuaciones
del movimiento de una forma invariante. Con esta notación y con los resultados previos,
probaremos finalmente que m D÷dt γ˙ = LKJγ˙ , siendo esta la versión sin coordenadas de
F = LKv.
[EN] In this work we study the relationship between the Gaussian curvature of a surface and a magnetic field. We define the “Lagrange’s top” and consider a more general case of this (a spinning disk tangent to a smooth surface) to verify that the motion of the top is the same as the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field normal to a sphere. This gives rise to the main result of the work, F = LKv, where F is the additional force acting on the center of the disk due to the gyroscopic effect, L is the axial angular momentum of the disk, v is the velocity of the disk and K the Gaussian curvature of the surface. We will first study this result in a coordinate version, finally relating the Gaussian curvature of the surface on which the disk is located to the kinetic energy of the disk. Later on, we will write the motion of the disk on the surface in a more geometric form and without coordinates, thus achieving the equations of motion in an invariant form. With this notation and the previous results, we will finally prove that m D÷ dt γ˙ = LKJγ˙ , this being the coordinate-free version of F = LKv.
[EN] In this work we study the relationship between the Gaussian curvature of a surface and a magnetic field. We define the “Lagrange’s top” and consider a more general case of this (a spinning disk tangent to a smooth surface) to verify that the motion of the top is the same as the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field normal to a sphere. This gives rise to the main result of the work, F = LKv, where F is the additional force acting on the center of the disk due to the gyroscopic effect, L is the axial angular momentum of the disk, v is the velocity of the disk and K the Gaussian curvature of the surface. We will first study this result in a coordinate version, finally relating the Gaussian curvature of the surface on which the disk is located to the kinetic energy of the disk. Later on, we will write the motion of the disk on the surface in a more geometric form and without coordinates, thus achieving the equations of motion in an invariant form. With this notation and the previous results, we will finally prove that m D÷ dt γ˙ = LKJγ˙ , this being the coordinate-free version of F = LKv.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2020-2021
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