Introducción a la teoría de distribuciones
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[ES] La teoría de distribuciones surge con el objetivo de generalizar el concepto clásico de
función y dar cabida a elementos que, si bien son útiles a la hora de estudiar problemas
físicos, no tienen sentido en el cálculo tradicional, como la delta de Dirac. Dicha teoría se
introduce en este trabajo de manera clara y sencilla, permitiendo un acercamiento al tema
sin tener conocimientos previos de distribuciones, pero conservando el rigor matemático.
Partimos de las funciones test para después definir las distribuciones, de las que vemos
sus propiedades más importantes, desde la derivación hasta la operación de convolución. A
continuación vemos cómo es la topología sobre la que se asienta esta teoría, haciendo una
breve introducción a los espacios localmente convexos. Finalmente tratamos como aplicar
la transformada de Fourier sobre las distribuciones, para después aplicar los resultados
vistos hasta ahora a la búsqueda de soluciones fundamentales de EDPs.
[EN] The theory of distributions arises with the aim of generalizing the classical concept of function and to make room for elements that, although they are useful when studying physical problems, do not make sense in traditional calculus, such as the Dirac delta. This theory is introduced in this dissertation in a clear and simple way, allowing an approach to the subject without previous knowledge of distribution theory, but preserving the mathematical rigor. We start studying test functions and then we define the distributions, of which we see their most important properties, from the derivative to the convolution operation. Then we study the topology on which this theory is based, making a brief introduction to locally convex spaces. Finally we discuss how to apply the Fourier transform on the space of distributions, and then apply the results seen so far to the search for fundamental solutions of PDEs.
[EN] The theory of distributions arises with the aim of generalizing the classical concept of function and to make room for elements that, although they are useful when studying physical problems, do not make sense in traditional calculus, such as the Dirac delta. This theory is introduced in this dissertation in a clear and simple way, allowing an approach to the subject without previous knowledge of distribution theory, but preserving the mathematical rigor. We start studying test functions and then we define the distributions, of which we see their most important properties, from the derivative to the convolution operation. Then we study the topology on which this theory is based, making a brief introduction to locally convex spaces. Finally we discuss how to apply the Fourier transform on the space of distributions, and then apply the results seen so far to the search for fundamental solutions of PDEs.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2020-2021
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