Ecuaciones de Euler de fluidos incompresibles
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[ES] Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo es realizar una introducción de las leyes matemáticas
que rigen el campo físico de la dinámica de fluidos, especialmente a través de
la presentación y el análisis de las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes y su versión simplificada,
conocida como las ecuaciones de Euler. Para estas últimas, se pretende además exponer
ciertas líneas recientes de investigación matemática sobre cuestiones sin resolver que giran
en torno a ellas, así como revisar algunos resultados y pruebas de cierta complejidad
matemática.
El trabajo comenzará con una introducción histórica a este campo y una reflexión
sobre el papel que desempeñan las matemáticas para estudiar la realidad. A continuación,
se presentarán formalmente las bases teóricas del área de estudio y se llevará a cabo la
derivación clásica de las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes con la finalidad de comprender el
origen y los efectos de cada uno de sus términos. Además, se explicará el problema de
existencia y regularidad sobre dichas ecuaciones, que tras varios siglos está todavía abierto.
Las ecuaciones de Euler de fluidos incompresibles, que dan nombre al trabajo, serán
obtenidas a partir de las anteriores como un caso límite. Se llevará a cabo un análisis local
de dichas ecuaciones y se introducirá la vorticidad a partir de un resultado que relaciona
la existencia de singularidades en las soluciones con este campo vectorial. Se obtendrá
un sistema de ecuaciones para la vorticidad y se analizarán sus términos e interacciones
entre sí. Para ello se introducen varios modelos unidimensionales que permiten intuir su
comportamiento, los cuales están basados en el operador lineal continuo conocido como
transformada de Hilbert. Por último, se enunciarán dos resultados sobre la existencia de
singularidades en tiempo finito para uno de los modelos. Las demostraciones de ambos
resultados serán revisadas, así como expuestas las ideas principales subyacentes.
[EN] One of the objectives of this work is to introduce the mathematical laws that govern the physical field of fluid dynamics, especially through the presentation and analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations and their simplified version, known as the Euler equations. For the latter, it is also intended to expose certain recent lines of mathematical research on unsolved questions that revolve around them, as well as review some results and tests of a certain mathematical complexity. The work will begin with a historical introduction to fluid dynamics and a reflection on the role that mathematics plays in studying reality. Next, the theoretical bases of the field of study will be formally presented and the classical derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations will be carried out in order to understand the origin and effects of each of its terms. In addition, the problem of existence and regularity on these equations will be explained, which after several centuries is still open. The Euler equations of incompressible fluids, which give this work its name, will be obtained from the previous ones as a limit case. A local analysis of these equations will be carried out and the vorticity will be introduced from a result that relates the existence of singularities in the solutions with this vector field. A system of equations for vorticity will be obtained and their terms and interactions with each other will be analyzed. To do this, we introduce several one-dimensional models that allow us to intuit their behavior, which are based on the continuous linear operator known as the Hilbert transform. Finally, two results will be stated on the existence of singularities in finite time for one of the models. Proofs of both results will be reviewed, and the underlying main ideas exposed.
[EN] One of the objectives of this work is to introduce the mathematical laws that govern the physical field of fluid dynamics, especially through the presentation and analysis of the Navier-Stokes equations and their simplified version, known as the Euler equations. For the latter, it is also intended to expose certain recent lines of mathematical research on unsolved questions that revolve around them, as well as review some results and tests of a certain mathematical complexity. The work will begin with a historical introduction to fluid dynamics and a reflection on the role that mathematics plays in studying reality. Next, the theoretical bases of the field of study will be formally presented and the classical derivation of the Navier-Stokes equations will be carried out in order to understand the origin and effects of each of its terms. In addition, the problem of existence and regularity on these equations will be explained, which after several centuries is still open. The Euler equations of incompressible fluids, which give this work its name, will be obtained from the previous ones as a limit case. A local analysis of these equations will be carried out and the vorticity will be introduced from a result that relates the existence of singularities in the solutions with this vector field. A system of equations for vorticity will be obtained and their terms and interactions with each other will be analyzed. To do this, we introduce several one-dimensional models that allow us to intuit their behavior, which are based on the continuous linear operator known as the Hilbert transform. Finally, two results will be stated on the existence of singularities in finite time for one of the models. Proofs of both results will be reviewed, and the underlying main ideas exposed.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2020-2021
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