Para una psicología social crítica no construccionista: reflexiones a partir del realismo crítico de Ignacio Martín-Baró
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Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá
Abstract
La naturaleza sociohistóricamente construida y compartida del
conocimiento y de la subjetividad que el construccionismo social parece
haberse arrogado en propiedad, forma parte de la historia de la ciencia
social. Por otra parte, la crítica al modelo causal-mecanicista como única
fuente de conocimiento, que el movimiento construccionista considera
una de sus principales aportaciones epistemológicas, se remonta nada
menos que a Kant. La verdadera aportación del construccionismo social
ha consistido en suprimir la experiencia como fuente del conocimiento
y de la subjetividad, negar la existencia de una realidad externa al
sujeto, mantenerse ontológicamente mudo frente a ella y desconfiar de
la posibilidad de cambiarla. Parece evidente que sobre estos cimientos
no es posible, tal y como se ha pretendido, construir una psicología
social crítica. Frente a ella, y en sus antípodas, el realismo crítico
de Martín-Baró parte de la existencia de una realidad objetiva cuyas
injusticias y miserias denunció de manera insistente, se vale de métodos
cuantitativos para analizarla; la estructura social es su marco de referencia
preferido a la hora de estudiar las diversas modalidades y manifestaciones
del comportamiento humano, no renuncia a la existencia de verdades
parciales y sociohistóricamente situadas y define como objetivo de su
quehacer teórico, el cambio social
The sociohistorically built and created nature of knowledge and subjectivity that social constructionism seems to have arrogated is part of the history of social science. Moreover, criticism to the casual mechanistic model as the only source of knowledge ─that the constructionist movement considers as one of its main epistemological contributions─ goes back to none other than Kant. The real contribution of social constructionism has consisted in deleting experience as a resource for knowledge and subjectivity, denying the existence of an external reality to the subject, keeping ontologically quiet towards it, and distrusting the possibility of changing it. It seems evident that building a critical social psychology upon these foundations is not possible. Opposing this, Martin- Baró’s critical realism is based on the existence of an objective reality of which injustices and wretchedness he insistently denounced. This critical realism makes use of quantitative methods to analyze this objective reality, it holds social structure as its preferred framework when studying the different modalities and manifestations of human behavior, it does not deny the existent of partial and sociohistorically situated truths, and it identifies social change as the objective of its theoretical work
The sociohistorically built and created nature of knowledge and subjectivity that social constructionism seems to have arrogated is part of the history of social science. Moreover, criticism to the casual mechanistic model as the only source of knowledge ─that the constructionist movement considers as one of its main epistemological contributions─ goes back to none other than Kant. The real contribution of social constructionism has consisted in deleting experience as a resource for knowledge and subjectivity, denying the existence of an external reality to the subject, keeping ontologically quiet towards it, and distrusting the possibility of changing it. It seems evident that building a critical social psychology upon these foundations is not possible. Opposing this, Martin- Baró’s critical realism is based on the existence of an objective reality of which injustices and wretchedness he insistently denounced. This critical realism makes use of quantitative methods to analyze this objective reality, it holds social structure as its preferred framework when studying the different modalities and manifestations of human behavior, it does not deny the existent of partial and sociohistorically situated truths, and it identifies social change as the objective of its theoretical work
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Blanco, A., Corte, L. de la, & Sabucedo, J. M. (2018). Para una psicología social crítica no construccionista: reflexiones a partir del realismo crítico de Ignacio Martín-Baró. Universitas Psychologica, 17(1), 1-25
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https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-1.psccSponsors
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© Los autores, 2018. Este trabajo está bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional








