Unha introdución á integración numérica: fórmulas de Gauss

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Neste traballo trataranse as fórmulas de cuadratura de tipo interpolatorio-polinómico. Primeiro realízase unha breve introdución, na que se motiva o seu uso e se definen unha serie de conceptos que se empregarán ao longo do traballo, para despois profundar no seu estudo. Inicialmente, veranse as fórmulas de Newton-Cotes, nas que os nodos de cuadratura están igualmente espaciados, para despois pasar ás fórmulas de Gauss, nas que se realiza unha escolla óptima dos nodos de cuadratura para cada caso concreto co fin de minimizar o erro cometido. Ao longo do traballo compararanse ambos tipos de fórmulas, e tratarase de ver cal é preferible usar dependendo do problema a resolver. Finalmente, tras ver en profundidade os métodos anteriores, realízase unha pequena introdución á extrapolación numérica e fálase da integración de Romberg. Este método, a pesar de non ser de tipo interpolatorio-polinómico, fai uso de certo tipo de fórmulas de Newton-Cotes para obter unha aproximación inicial que despois é mellorada
In this work we will address the quadrature formulas of interpolatory-polynomial type. At first, it is made a brief introduction in which its use is motivated and a series of concepts that will be used along the work are defined, and then they will be studied in more detail. Initially, we will see the Newton-Cotes formulas, in which the quadrature nodes are equally spaced, and then move on to the Gaussian formulas, in which it is made an optimal choice of the quadrature nodes for each specific case in order to minimize the error. Throughout the work both types of formulas will be compared, and we will try to see which is preferable to use depending on the problem to be solved. Finally, after looking in depth at the previous methods, it is made a brief introduction to numerical extrapolation, and Romberg integration is addressed. This method, although it is not of the interpolatory-polynomial type, makes use of certain types of Newton-Cotes formulas to obtain an initial approximation which is then improved

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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2021-2022

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