Centros nilpotentes en sistemas polinomiais

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Neste traballo de fin de grao, enmarcado na área de coñecemento da Análise Matemática, abórdase o problema aberto da caracterización de centros globais en sistemas dinámicos polinomiais. Tras unha recopilación de resultados básicos da análise cualitativa de ecuacións diferenciais introdúcese o concepto de centro local e global, clasificándoos en función do seu sistema linearizado. Dado que o problema é moi amplo, centrouse o estudo na busca de centros nilpotentes en sistemas homoxéneos de grao 5 que presentasen certas propiedades de simetría. Tamén se consideraron sistemas hamiltonianos. Comprobar o carácter global dos centros require coñecer o comportamento das órbitas no infinito do plano euclídeo. Para afrontalo recórrese á compactificación de Poincaré, que proxecta o campo definido en R2 nunha esfera e permite identificar os puntos no infinito coa liña do ecuador. Finalmente, para comprender a estrutura local dalgunhas singularidades, utilizáronse as denominadas transformacións blow up, que expanden o punto singular ao longo dunha recta e facilitan o seu estudo.
In this bachelor’s final thesis, conducted within the field of Mathematical Analysis, we tackle the typification of global centers at bidimensional polynomial dynamic systems, which is an open problem. After gathering a collection of fundamental results about dynamic systems theory, local and global centers are introduced by a classification attending to their linearization. Owing to the problem’s complexity, we confine the study to find nilpotent centers at systems with quintic homogeneous polynomials and under certain symmetries. Hamiltonian systems were considered too. Studying global centers requires a analysis into orbit behaviour near the infinity of the euixclidean plane. To face it, we draw on the Poincaré compactification. This technique projects the vector field defined in R2 onto a sphere, where points at infinity are identified with its equator line. Finally, in order to understand the local structure of some singularities, we use blow up transformations that expand the singular point along a whole straight line, making them easier to manage.

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