Contribuciones de las mujeres a la economía rural y acceso a los recursos productivos: una mirada desde los casos del cantón Santa Elena (provincia Santa Elena, Ecuador) y la comarca de Lugo (provincia Lugo, España)
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[ES] La preocupación por la desigualdad en que se encuentran las mujeres
en la sociedad ha experimentado importantes cambios, especialmente en las
dos últimas décadas en las que a nivel mundial se ha posicionado una agenda
que reconoce que la inequidad de género constituye un obstáculo importante
para el desarrollo de los países. En Europa y en América Latina los avances en
la legislación e institucionalidad en favor de la igualdad entre hombres y
mujeres es muy significativa. Ecuador y España representan un buen ejemplo
de ello.
No obstante, persisten importantes inequidades entre hombres y
mujeres que se ponen de manifiesto, en la segmentación horizontal y vertical
del mercado de trabajo y en el desigual acceso a recursos productivos
indispensables como la vivienda, la tierra, y el crédito, entre otros activos
imprescindibles para su desempeño laboral. A nivel rural la situación de las
mujeres es mucho más desventajosa que a nivel urbano: las escasas
oportunidades de empleo no han sido causa para el abandono y búsqueda de
un ingreso, que se han visto compensadas con emprendimientos en
actividades comerciales y negocios por cuenta propia. Las mujeres han ido
combinando éstas tareas con las labores comunitarias, de auto subsistencia y
de cuidados contribuyendo así al fortalecimiento y dinamización de la
economía de sus zonas.
En el presente trabajo, las dos muestras que se analizan (una en Santa
Elena, Ecuador y la otra en Lugo, España), confirman este protagonismo. Los
resultados nos presentan unas jornadas laborales cuya ampliación e
intensidad se explican porque incluyen tanto el trabajo remunerado como el
no remunerado. Situación que contrasta con la baja participación femenina
en: la propiedad, en la titularidad de los negocios y en la protección laboral,
entre otros beneficios derivados del trabajo y que confirman que las mujeres
se encuentran en mayor situación de pobreza y vulnerabilidad que los
hombres.
Situación que demanda la necesidad de seguir explorando los
escenarios desde donde hombres y mujeres actúan, a fin de insistir en la
elaboración de políticas y mecanismos que conduzcan hacia la equidad de
género especialmente en el contexto rural, que es en donde se encuentran las
brechas más agudas, línea dentro de la cual se inscribe la presente
investigación.
[EN] Concern about gender inequality in contemporary societies has underwent important changes in the last two decades, as it has been recognized in the international agenda as a relevant obstacle for the social and economic development of countries. Both in Europe and Latin America, legislative and institutional advances in favour of equality of men and women have been significant. Ecuador and Spain constitute good examples of this tendency. Notwithstanding, inequality persists among men and women that becomes apparent in the horizontal and vertical segmentation of the labour market for reasons of gender, as well as in the unequal access to basic resources such as housing, land and credit. The situation of women is generally much more unfavourable in rural areas than in cities: scant job offers have not discouraged their search for income, though, but complemented by commercial activities and initiatives of self-employment. Women have combined these jobs with other tasks in the form of community work that contribute to the dynamization of the areas where they live. This work presents two samples (one in Santa Elena, Ecuador, the other in Lugo, Spain) that confirm the prominence of female work in their respective communities. Results show long and intense working days that include both remunerated and non-remunerated work. This situation contrasts with the low representation of women as owners of property and businesses, or as recipients of social protection or benefits of labour, reaffirming the position of poverty and vulnerability in which they are installed. The situation demands further exploration of the settings in which men and women interact, if policies and mechanisms are going to be set in place to lead our societies closer to gender equality. This is specially important in the rural settings, where the greatest gaps exist, as it is the aim of the present work.
[EN] Concern about gender inequality in contemporary societies has underwent important changes in the last two decades, as it has been recognized in the international agenda as a relevant obstacle for the social and economic development of countries. Both in Europe and Latin America, legislative and institutional advances in favour of equality of men and women have been significant. Ecuador and Spain constitute good examples of this tendency. Notwithstanding, inequality persists among men and women that becomes apparent in the horizontal and vertical segmentation of the labour market for reasons of gender, as well as in the unequal access to basic resources such as housing, land and credit. The situation of women is generally much more unfavourable in rural areas than in cities: scant job offers have not discouraged their search for income, though, but complemented by commercial activities and initiatives of self-employment. Women have combined these jobs with other tasks in the form of community work that contribute to the dynamization of the areas where they live. This work presents two samples (one in Santa Elena, Ecuador, the other in Lugo, Spain) that confirm the prominence of female work in their respective communities. Results show long and intense working days that include both remunerated and non-remunerated work. This situation contrasts with the low representation of women as owners of property and businesses, or as recipients of social protection or benefits of labour, reaffirming the position of poverty and vulnerability in which they are installed. The situation demands further exploration of the settings in which men and women interact, if policies and mechanisms are going to be set in place to lead our societies closer to gender equality. This is specially important in the rural settings, where the greatest gaps exist, as it is the aim of the present work.
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GARCÍA ESPINOZA, Lupe: «Contribuciones de las mujeres a la economía rural y acceso a los recursos productivos: una mirada desde los casos del cantón Santa Elena (provincia Santa Elena, Ecuador) y la comarca de Lugo (provincia Lugo, España)». Santiago de Compostela: Universidade. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2011. ISBN 978-84-9887-639-0
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