O universo e as súas distancias
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Neste traballo exporanse as principais técnicas utilizadas para a determinación de distancias no universo, tanto a nivel local (Sistema Solar) como a nivel extragaláctico.
Na primeira parte, introdúcense conceptos astronómicos que serán de utilidade en capítulos seguintes, véxase o concepto de estrela, as súas distintas clasificacións; conceptos
fotométricos como o da intensidade, luminosidade e do corpo negro. A continuación, preséntanse as definicións de unidades de distancias astronómicas: de menor a maior, o quilómetro, a unidade astronómica, o ano luz e o parsec -e os seus múltiplos-; para despois
precisar con comodidade o que son as magnitudes estelares.
No segundo capítulo centrámonos nas técnicas xeométricas, distinguidas en paralaxe
diúrna e paralaxe estelar. Primeiro, faise un desenvolvemento xeral de corrección de coordenadas polares que despois particularizarase no caso da paralaxe estelar.
En canto ao terceiro capítulo, continúase por expoñer as técnicas espectroscópicas:
a paralaxe dinámica de estrelas dobres e a paralaxe dinámica de cúmulos estelares en
movemento. Compleméntanse con exemplos, no primeiro caso para η Cas e no segundo
para o Cúmulo das Híades.
Finalmente, desenvolvemos brevemente os sistemas fotométricos e as cámaras CCD
para, posteriormente, expoñer as técnicas fotométricas de determinación de distancias -
principalmente, extragalácticas-. Os obxectos celestes centrais nesta parte serán as cefeidas, as supernovas, os cúmulos globulares, as estrelas novas e as nebulosas planetarias.
Complementaranse con exemplos, algúns deles coa axuda da ferramenta ALADIN (véxase
Apéndice A).
In this work, the main techniques used for the determination of distances, both at local and extragalactic levels, are stated. In the first part, we introduce astronomical concepts that will be useful in the following chapters: the concept of a star, its different classifications, photometric concepts such as intensity, luminosity and black body. Next, the definitions of the units of astronomical distances are presented: from smallest to largest, the kilometre, the astronomical unit, the light year and the parsec -and its multiples-; to then comfortably specify what stellar magnitudes are. The second chapter focuses on the geometric techniques, distinguished into diurnal and stellar parallax. First, a general development of polar coordinates correction is made, which is then detailed in the stellar parallax case. In the third chapter, we continue with the spectroscopic techniques: the dynamic parallax of double stars and the dynamic parallax of moving star clusters. They are complemented with examples, in the first case for the η Cas system and in the second for the Hyades Cluster. Finally, we briefly develop the photometric systems and the CCD cameras to, later, show the photometric techniques to determine distances -mainly extragalactic-. The central celestial objects in this part will be cepheids, supernovae, globular clusters, novae and planetary nebulae. These will be complemented with some examples, some of them with the help of the ALADIN tool (see Annex I)
In this work, the main techniques used for the determination of distances, both at local and extragalactic levels, are stated. In the first part, we introduce astronomical concepts that will be useful in the following chapters: the concept of a star, its different classifications, photometric concepts such as intensity, luminosity and black body. Next, the definitions of the units of astronomical distances are presented: from smallest to largest, the kilometre, the astronomical unit, the light year and the parsec -and its multiples-; to then comfortably specify what stellar magnitudes are. The second chapter focuses on the geometric techniques, distinguished into diurnal and stellar parallax. First, a general development of polar coordinates correction is made, which is then detailed in the stellar parallax case. In the third chapter, we continue with the spectroscopic techniques: the dynamic parallax of double stars and the dynamic parallax of moving star clusters. They are complemented with examples, in the first case for the η Cas system and in the second for the Hyades Cluster. Finally, we briefly develop the photometric systems and the CCD cameras to, later, show the photometric techniques to determine distances -mainly extragalactic-. The central celestial objects in this part will be cepheids, supernovae, globular clusters, novae and planetary nebulae. These will be complemented with some examples, some of them with the help of the ALADIN tool (see Annex I)
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2021-2022
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