El Teorema de Lomonosov

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[ES] Dado un espacio de Banach X, si T : X → X es una aplicación lineal y continua, ¿podemos afirmar que T deja invariante algún subespacio vectorial cerrado de X? La cuestión anterior, comúnmente conocida como “Problema del subespacio invariante”, carece de una respuesta plenamente satisfactoria en la actualidad y es considerada por muchos matemáticos como uno de los grandes retos del análisis funcional. En este Trabajo Fin de Grado, intentaremos conocer y entender algunas de las dificultades propias asociadas a dicha cuestión. Para ello, partiremos de una formulación detallada y rigurosa del problema y estudiaremos algunos casos particulares. Entre ellos, destacaremos el Teorema de Lomonosov, que afirma la existencia de subespacios invariantes para operadores compactos. Por otra parte, empleando un ejemplo que será discutido con cierto detalle, deduciremos que la solución al Problema del subespacio invariante es, en general, negativa.
[EN] Given a Banach space X, if T : X → X is a linear and continuous map, can we assert that there is a nontrivial closed subspace of X which is invariant with respect to T? The previous statement, usually known as "the invariant subspace problem", has not been completely solved yet and many mathematicians consider it as one of the greatest challenges of Functional Analysis. In this dissertation, we will try to learn and understand some of the difficulties related to this question. In order to do so, we will begin by showing a detailed and rigurous formulation of the problem, and we will study several particular cases. Among them, we will highlight the Lomonosov Theorem which establishes the existence of invariant subspaces for compact operators. On the other hand, using an example that will be studied in detail, we will deduce that the solution to the invariant subspace problem is, in general, negative.

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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2019-2020

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