O teorema de Lax-Milgram
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Neste Traballo de Fin de Grao propónse o estudo exhaustivo do Teorema de Lax-Milgram, comezando pola maneira na que xurdiu, seguindo coa súa respectiva demostración e rematando con algunhas das súas posibles aplicacións. Antes de abordar o traballo, realizarase unha introdución para comprender como xurde este resultado a partir do estudo de ecuacións en derivadas parciais, ademais do seu contexto histórico. No primeiro capítulo, levarase a cabo unha revisión de conceptos e resultados relativos á Análise Funcional que serán imprescindibles para a comprensión e demostración do dito teorema. A maioría destes elementos foron estudados ao longo do Grao de Matemáticas, especialmente na asignatura de cuarto curso “Análise Funcional en Espazos de Hilbert". Destacaremos a importancia de dous teoremas, ambos fortemente relacionados cos espazos de Hilbert: o Teorema da Proxección Ortogonal e o Teorema de Representación de Riesz. Este último será unha ferramenta fundamental para o estudo do Teorema de Lax-Milgram e as súas variantes. Seguiremos co segundo capítulo, onde veremos a demostración desde dúas diferentes aproximacións do noso resultado central. Na primeira delas, apoiarémonos no Teorema de Representación de Riesz presentado no primeiro capítulo, mentres que para a segunda, faremos uso do Teorema de Hanah-Banach. No terceiro capítulo, veremos a xeneralización máis importante deste teorema: o Teorema de Stampacchia. Con tal propósito, levaremos a cabo previamente o enunciado e demostración do Teorema do Punto Fixo de Banach. Por último, no cuarto capítulo, centrarémonos en algunhas aplicacións dese teorema no ámbito das ecuacións diferenciais. Para iso, faremos previamente un repaso da teoría das distribucións e espazos de Sobolev. Ademais, presentaremos o Método Variacional, que empregaremos na segunda sección deste capítulo para a resolución dos diferentes problemas.
In this final project we propose the exhaustive study of the Lax-Milgram Theorem, beginning with the way in which it arose, continuing with its respective demonstration and ending with some of its possible applications. We will make before starting the report, an Introduction to understand how this arises, result from the study of partial differential equations, in addition to the historical context. In the first chapter we will make a review of concepts and results related to the Functional Analysis that will be essential for the understanding and demonstration of the theorem. Most of these elements have been studied throughout the Mathematics Degree , especially in subject Functional Analysis in Hilbert Spaces. We will will emphasize in two theorems related to Hilbert spaces: the Projection Theorem and the Riesz Representation Theorem. The last one will be a fundamental tool for the study of the Lax-Milgram Theorem and its variants. We will continue with the second chapter, where we will see the demonstration of our central result from two different approximations. In the first one we will use the Riesz Representation Theorem presented in the first chapter while for the second, we will use the Hanah-Banach Theorem. In the third chapter, we will examine the most significant generalization of this theorem: the Stampacchia’s theorem. Before proving it, we will provide a preliminary demonstration of the Banach fixed-point theorem. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we will focus on some applications of this theorem in the field of differential equations. To do this, we will previously review the theory of distributions and Sobolev spaces. We will also describe the Variational Method, which we will use in the second section of this chapter to solve the different problems.
In this final project we propose the exhaustive study of the Lax-Milgram Theorem, beginning with the way in which it arose, continuing with its respective demonstration and ending with some of its possible applications. We will make before starting the report, an Introduction to understand how this arises, result from the study of partial differential equations, in addition to the historical context. In the first chapter we will make a review of concepts and results related to the Functional Analysis that will be essential for the understanding and demonstration of the theorem. Most of these elements have been studied throughout the Mathematics Degree , especially in subject Functional Analysis in Hilbert Spaces. We will will emphasize in two theorems related to Hilbert spaces: the Projection Theorem and the Riesz Representation Theorem. The last one will be a fundamental tool for the study of the Lax-Milgram Theorem and its variants. We will continue with the second chapter, where we will see the demonstration of our central result from two different approximations. In the first one we will use the Riesz Representation Theorem presented in the first chapter while for the second, we will use the Hanah-Banach Theorem. In the third chapter, we will examine the most significant generalization of this theorem: the Stampacchia’s theorem. Before proving it, we will provide a preliminary demonstration of the Banach fixed-point theorem. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we will focus on some applications of this theorem in the field of differential equations. To do this, we will previously review the theory of distributions and Sobolev spaces. We will also describe the Variational Method, which we will use in the second section of this chapter to solve the different problems.
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