Introdución ao modelo de Black-Scholes
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Publicado no ano 1973, o modelo de Black-Scholes supuxo un importante avance na teoría de valoración de opcións financeiras, xa que explicitaba unha solución para o prezo teórico das opcións europeas. O obxectivo deste traballo é realizar unha introdución a este modelo. O documento comeza explicando conceptos financeiros básicos e, posteriormente, aborda os fundamentos matemáticos necesarios sobre os que se sustenta o modelo. Destacan o movemento browniano xeométrico e o Lema de Itô. A continuación, co apoio destas ferramentas, dedúcese formalmente a ecuación diferencial de Black-Scholes para, seguidamente, presentar a fórmula explícita para opcións europeas. Tamén se exemplifica un caso práctico no que se pode apreciar a utilidade deste modelo en casos reais. Por último, preséntanse unha serie de factores que limitan o modelo en escenarios reais actuais, así como se discuten posibles extensións e modificacións do mesmo que se adapten a estas situacións.
Published in 1973, the Black-Scholes model represented a significant breakthrough in the theory of financial option pricing, as it provided an explicit solution for the theoretical price of European options. The objective of this paper is to present an introduction to this model. The document begins by explaining basic financial concepts and then addresses the necessary mathematical foundations on which the model is based, particularly highlighting the geometric Brownian motion and Itô’s Lemma. Subsequently, with the support of these tools, the Black-Scholes differential equation is formally derived, followed by the presentation of the explicit formula for European options. A practical case is also included to illustrate the usefulness of this model in real-world situations. Finally, the paper presents a series of factors that limit the model’s applicability in today’s financial markets, and discusses possible extensions and modifications designed to adapt the model to these realities.
Published in 1973, the Black-Scholes model represented a significant breakthrough in the theory of financial option pricing, as it provided an explicit solution for the theoretical price of European options. The objective of this paper is to present an introduction to this model. The document begins by explaining basic financial concepts and then addresses the necessary mathematical foundations on which the model is based, particularly highlighting the geometric Brownian motion and Itô’s Lemma. Subsequently, with the support of these tools, the Black-Scholes differential equation is formally derived, followed by the presentation of the explicit formula for European options. A practical case is also included to illustrate the usefulness of this model in real-world situations. Finally, the paper presents a series of factors that limit the model’s applicability in today’s financial markets, and discusses possible extensions and modifications designed to adapt the model to these realities.
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