Estructura y evolución de ingresos tributarios y beneficios fiscales en México. Análisis del periodo 1990-2019 y evaluación de la reforma fiscal de 2014
Loading...
Identifiers
ISSN: 0041-3011
E-ISSN: 2448-718X
Publication date
Advisors
Tutors
Editors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Fondo de Cultura Económica
Abstract
La estructura y la tendencia del sistema fiscal reflejan la orientación del modelo de
desarrollo que ha seguido México y determinan su modelo futuro y su capacidad
para hacer frente a los retos de la sociedad (desarrollo, equidad, bienestar, sostenibilidad ambiental, etc.). El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la dimensión relativa, la
estructura por impuestos y las tendencias de la recaudación tributaria, así como
la naturaleza y los objetivos de los incentivos y los beneficios fiscales en vigor en
México en los últimos años. Este ejercicio permite evaluar la reforma hacendaria de
2014 con la perspectiva de los seis años transcurridos y formula los retos futuros.
Se utilizó un enfoque descriptivo y cualitativo con base en los datos obtenidos del
Centro Interamericano de Administraciones Tributarias (ciat), la Organización
para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (ocde) y la Secretaría de Hacienda
y Crédito Público (shcp). Se analizan la estructura de la recaudación tributaria
centrada en los principales impuestos federales, así como el volumen y la composición del gasto fiscal, al desglosar los incentivos y los beneficios fiscales existentes
sobre cada uno de los impuestos. Los principales resultados indican una evolución pasiva en el poder de recaudo de 12.5% del producto interno bruto (pib) en
1990 a 15.6% en 2019, apoyado principalmente en los impuestos al consumo, el
impuesto sobre la renta salarial y una fuerte dependencia del sector de hidrocarburos. Se muestra que algunos de los objetivos declarados de la reforma —aumentar de forma significativa la capacidad recaudatoria y reducir la multitud de incentivos
y beneficios fiscales— apenas se han cumplido. Para concluir, se formulan algunos retos que debería afrontar una reforma fiscal para la inclusión, la equidad y la
sostenibilidad.
The structure and the trend of the fiscal system reflect the orientation of the development model of Mexico in past decades and they determine its future model and its ability to meet the main social challenges (development, equity, wellbeing, environmental sustainability, etc.). The objective of this paper is to study the relative dimension, the tax structure and the trends in tax collection, as well as the nature and the objectives of the incentives and the tax benefits that have been enforced in Mexico in recent years. This exercise allows an evaluation of the 2014 tax reform to be made with the perspective of the past six years and the formulation of future challenges. A descriptive and qualitative approach was used based on data obtained from the Inter-American Center of Tax Administration (ciat), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd), and the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (shcp). The structure of tax collection is analyzed, with a focus on the main federal taxes, as well as the volume and the composition of tax expenditure, by breaking down the existing incentives and the tax benefits on each of the taxes. The main results indicate a passive evolution in the collection power that grew from 12.5% of gross domestic product (gdp) in 1990 to 15.6% in 2019, principally based on consumer taxes, wage income tax and a strong dependence on the fossil fuels sector. This shows that some of the stated objectives of the 2014 reform—significantly increasing collection capacity and reducing the jungle of incentives and tax benefits—have hardly been met. In conclusion, some of the challenges that a tax reform should face in terms of inclusion, equity and sustainability are formulated.
The structure and the trend of the fiscal system reflect the orientation of the development model of Mexico in past decades and they determine its future model and its ability to meet the main social challenges (development, equity, wellbeing, environmental sustainability, etc.). The objective of this paper is to study the relative dimension, the tax structure and the trends in tax collection, as well as the nature and the objectives of the incentives and the tax benefits that have been enforced in Mexico in recent years. This exercise allows an evaluation of the 2014 tax reform to be made with the perspective of the past six years and the formulation of future challenges. A descriptive and qualitative approach was used based on data obtained from the Inter-American Center of Tax Administration (ciat), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd), and the Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público (shcp). The structure of tax collection is analyzed, with a focus on the main federal taxes, as well as the volume and the composition of tax expenditure, by breaking down the existing incentives and the tax benefits on each of the taxes. The main results indicate a passive evolution in the collection power that grew from 12.5% of gross domestic product (gdp) in 1990 to 15.6% in 2019, principally based on consumer taxes, wage income tax and a strong dependence on the fossil fuels sector. This shows that some of the stated objectives of the 2014 reform—significantly increasing collection capacity and reducing the jungle of incentives and tax benefits—have hardly been met. In conclusion, some of the challenges that a tax reform should face in terms of inclusion, equity and sustainability are formulated.
Description
Bibliographic citation
López Pérez, S. D. J., & Vence, X. (2021). Estructura y evolución de ingresos tributarios y beneficios fiscales en México. Análisis del periodo 1990-2019 y evaluación de la reforma fiscal de 2014. El trimestre económico, 88(350), 373-417.
Relation
Has part
Has version
Is based on
Is part of
Is referenced by
Is version of
Requires
Publisher version
https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v88i350.1104Sponsors
Los autores agradecen el apoyo del Programa Nacional de Posgrados de Calidad (pnpc) del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) (núm. 000625) y el de la Xunta de Galicia (grc ED431C 2018/23), cofinanciado
por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Feder, Unión Europea). Esta investigación se realizó en
2020 en Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, España. Los errores u omisiones son responsabilidad de los
autores.
Rights
Esta obra está bajo una licencia CC-BY-NC-ND.








