Xeografía

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10347/34363

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O presente e o futuro da Geografia: uma perspectiva internacional
(Universidad de Brasilia (UnB), 2025) Lois González, Rubén Camilo; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
Nas últimas décadas, os fatos geográficos adquiriram destaque renovado como resultado da mudança espacial no conhecimento. As explicações historicistas estão perdendo terreno, enquanto os processos de territorialização e desterritorialização, as relações entre eventos que ocorrem em diferentes escalas e os impactos ambientais da ação humana estão ganhando importância para a compreensão do mundo atual. Este artigo parte dessas premissas e busca revisar sistematicamente as principais contribuições da Geografia contemporânea. Destacam-se três muito significativos. Sua contribuição para a análise dos impactos ambientais globais que a ação humana causa no Planeta. O conjunto de mudanças e alterações que são explicadas sob o amplo conceito de Antropoceno. Em segundo lugar, o estudo das desigualdades econômicas, sociais e territoriais existentes nas localidades, nos níveis regional e global. Uma análise baseada no conceito de desenvolvimento desigual e combinado. Por fim, há os desafios impostos pela mobilidade humana, seja na forma de migração internacional ou de viagens de lazer características dos fluxos turísticos. Esses tópicos e o fortalecimento da Geografia como um amplo campo científico ajudaram a aumentar a visibilidade de organizações internacionais na disciplina, particularmente a IGU (União Geográfica Internacional). A IGU é a representante da Geografia no Conselho Internacional de Ciências (ISC) e em várias agências da UNESCO e das Nações Unidas. Essa projeção global do nosso campo de conhecimento ocupa as últimas páginas deste texto.
Imágenes para desdibujar
(Universidad de Sevilla, 2025) Contreras Rojo, Carlos Alberto; Espinoza Delgado, Christiam; Canterla Rufino, María del Pilar; Botana Iglesias, Cristina; Delsante, Ioanni; Migliavacca, Linda; Palacios Iglesias, Sebastian; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
El número A39 de Astrágalo, Desdibujando las fronteras | explorando las intersecciones entre la formación arquitectónica y la práctica profesional, reúne cinco propuestas visuales que cuestionan qué significa “estar preparados” para el mundo real, para la práctica y para el puesto. Lejos de celebrar certezas, estas imágenes exponen los vacíos, fricciones y aprendizajes que emergen cuando el aula se disuelve en el territorio y la práctica se abre a lo incierto.
Espacio y economía heterodoxa: Una aproximación multidisciplinar a las geografías del capitalismo
(Asociación Cultural Economía Crítica, 2025) Gutiérrez Cueli, Inés; Ribera Fumaz, Ramon; Yrigoy Cadena, Ismael; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
La recomposition des échelles territoriales en Galice (Espagne) : enjeu économique ou alibi idéologique ?
(ÉRÈS, 2015-03-25) Vila Vázquez, José Ignacio; Trillo Santamaría, Juan Manuel; Paül Carril, Valerià; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
Dans l’actuel contexte de crise économique, des changements profonds d’organisation territoriale sont envisagés dans de nombreux États, dont l’Espagne, avec des arguments d’efficacité. Notre étude de cas sur la Galice, « nationalité » historique marquée par une forte autonomie, montre que l’idéologie territoriale joue un rôle aussi important que les raisons économiques. Après avoir présenté les collectivités territoriales galiciennes, nous analysons le discours politique à travers la lecture critique d’un corpus d’articles de la presse écrite et d’internet. Cette analyse s’articule autour des échelles territoriales concernées : la commune, la province et l’aire métropolitaine.
Gobernanza y conservación de los recursos naturales en la región costera de Baja Casamance: El caso del área del patrimonio autóctono comunitario Kawawana en el municipio de Mangagoulack (Senegal)
(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2025) Tening-Faye, Marie-Hélène; Lois González, Rubén Camilo; Sané, Tidiane; Balla Dieye, El Hadji; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
La degradación de los recursos naturales en todo el mundo es motivo de gran preocupación desde hace muchos años. Esta situación ha impulsado a los gobiernos a tomar medidas para proteger la naturaleza. Senegal, afectado por la degradación de los recursos naturales, ha suscrito varios convenios internacionales, de ahí la existencia de varias áreas protegidas en el país. En la Baja Casamance, los recursos naturales, sobre todo en la región costera, cumplen importantes funciones sociales, culturales y económicas para las poblaciones locales. Sin embargo, están expuestos a varias formas de degradación, en particular la degradación de la calidad de los suelos, el empobrecimiento de la biodiversidad y el deterioro de los valores del patrimonio cultural y de la belleza de su naturaleza. Dicha situación explica la creación de áreas protegidas en varias zonas de la región y justifica, en parte, la elección del Área del Patrimonio Autóctono Comunitario Kawawana, en el municipio de Mangagoulack. La gobernanza de dichas áreas protegidas se plantea en un contexto de cambio climático en el que confluyen conflictos de intereses y métodos tradicionales y modernos de gestión de los recursos naturales. ¿Cuál es la implicación de los conocimientos locales y las poblaciones indígenas en esta gobernanza? Las investigaciones etnográficas (grupos focales, guías de entrevistas, cuestionarios) realizadas en los territorios de los pueblos del APAC Kawawana han permitido el análisis de la gobernanza y los distintos métodos de gestión aplicados en dicha APAC.
Agrupaciones de hórreos en el municipio gallego de Avión: una síntesis geográfica
(Universidad de Extremadura. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2025) Doval Adán, Antonio; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Nieto Masot, Ana; Cárdenas Alonso, Gema; Engelmo Moriche, Ángela
El objetivo fundamental de esta investigación es poner de relieve y difundir la riqueza patrimonial, etnológica y arquitectónica que existe en el municipio gallego de Avión (España), representada especialmente por sus 1.057 hórreos y 97 grandes agrupaciones originales de los mismos. Para ello, se realizó un censo de todas las construcciones de este tipo existentes en cada uno de los 36 núcleos de población del municipio, mediante trabajo de campo, así como con la información proporcionada por la Dirección General de Catastro y los fotogramas y ortofotos disponibles en la biblioteca digital del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. El estudio pone de manifiesto la presencia en este municipio de un total de 30 grandes agrupaciones originales de hórreos que cuentan entre diez y hasta 28 unidades cada una. De este modo, se convierte en uno de los núcleos de población del interior de Galicia y de toda la Península Ibérica que posee el mayor volumen de agrupaciones originales de hórreos. A principios de 2024, el 53 % de estas construcciones tradicionales de arquitectura popular, se encontraban en buen estado o tenían una estructura básica estable, mientras que el 32 % necesitaban una restauración urgente y el 15 % restante se encontraban en estado ruinoso, teniendo en cuenta que alrededor del 74 % de las mismas fueron construidas a lo largo de los siglos XVIII y XIX por cientos de canteros y artesanos anónimos de Terra de Montes, logrando magníficos edificios funcionales con estructura granítica predominante que resisten el paso de los siglos.
El legado de Rodolfo Núñez de las Cuevas en la Biblioteca de Galicia
(Real Sociedad Geográfica, 2025) Lois González, Rubén Camilo; González Pérez, Jesús Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
Effects of climate on leaf phenolics, insect herbivory, and their relationship in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) across its geographic range in Europe
(Springer, 2025-04-05) Valdés‑Correcher, Elena; Sobral Bernal, Mª Mar; Varela Río, Zulema; Castagneyrol, Bastien; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Ambientais (CRETUS)
An increase in biotic interactions towards lower latitudes is one of the most consistent patterns in ecology. Higher temperatures and more stable climatic conditions at low latitudes are thought to enhance biotic interactions, accelerating biological evolution and leading to stronger anti-herbivore defences in plants. However, some studies report contradictory findings, highlighting the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms. We used a combination of field observations and feeding trials in controlled environments to investigate the effect of climate on chemical defences and insect herbivory in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe, while controlling for physical defences. The concentration of lignin, flavonoids, and total phenolics increased significantly with temperature, whereas both field herbivory and weight of spongy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae were negatively influenced by temperature. Lignin concentration positively influenced the weight of spongy moth larvae whereas it had no effect on field herbivory. We found no evidence of strong positive relationships between insect herbivory and larvae growth with leaf defences. Our study underscores the complexity of plant–herbivore interactions along climatic gradients and highlights the need for further research to disentangle these intricate relationships.
Apuntes sobre la construcción conceptual latinoamericana de la fragmentación urbana. Un enfoque hacia el vector turístico
(Instituto de Geografía de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2025) Horrach Estarellas, Biel; Vila Vázquez, José Ignacio; Jiménez Barrado, Víctor; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
Los espacios metropolitanos reflejan procesos de incremento de desigualdades sociales, siendo las actividades turísticas unas de las que generan dichas transformaciones urbanas. Este artículo busca recorrer la producción científica en la cuestión de la fragmentación urbana, con el objetivo doble de reflexionar sobre la construcción teórica de este concepto desde América Latina y la posible aplicación de este dispositivo teórico en otras áreas urbanas y metropolitanas transformadas por actividades turísticas intensivas. A partir de la construcción de un corpus de publicaciones de referencia sobre metrópolis latinoamericanas, se aplica un enfoque de análisis discursivo hermenéutico, que se combina con una aproximación comparativa. Primero, se constata la presencia de estudios empíricos y, en menor medida, teóricos sobre “fragmentación urbana”, en espacios urbanos y metropolitanos marcados históricamente por fracturas sociales especialmente importantes. Segundo, la emergencia de transformaciones vinculadas a actividades turísticas, en diferentes casos de estudio, muestra formas de fragmentación urbana y permite enfoques innovadores para su estudio. Finalmente, se discute la manera en la que este dispositivo teórico de la fragmentación urbana, entendido de una manera holística al considerar la trialéctica social, urbana y política, contribuye al análisis de procesos de transformación urbanas atravesadas por fenómenos turísticos recientes.
La presencia del HIC “2150* Dunas fijas descalcificadas atlánticas (Calluno-Ulicetea)” en la costa gallega: primeros resultados
(Universidad de Extremadura. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2025) Cajade Pascual, Daniel; Blanco Chao, Ramón; Costa Casais, Manuela; Lema Iglesias, Sara; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Centro de Investigación Interuniversitario das Paixases Atlánticas Culturais (CISPAC); Nieto Masot, Ana; Cárdenas Alonso, Gema; Engelmo Moriche, Ángela
Among the different Habitats of Community Interest (HIC) identified on the Spanish coast, the presence of HIC "2150* Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)" is restricted to the Atlantic coast of the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This study presents a preliminary assessment of its potential presence along the Galician coast, based on fieldwork, sedimentological analysis of aeolian levels, and photointerpretation of aerial imagery. Fieldwork was conducted in two sectors: Monte Branco - A Barra (Anllóns River estuary, Ponteceso) and Seiras - Porto Nadelas (Porto do Son). Sediment samples were obtained at different depths for subsequent sedimentological analysis (granulometry, morphometry, loss on ignition, biogenic carbonate content, and pH). Sampling locations were selected using aerial imagery (from 1956 to 2023), identifying the different evolutionary phases of aeolian levels since the mid-20th century. The results obtained enable the define geomorphological parameters and methodologies for the identification of HIC 2150*, develop a preliminary estimate of its potential occurrence on the Galician coast, and evaluation of its implications for the management and planning of coastal systems.
Procesos geomorfológicos en la interfaz fluvio-marina: dinámica sedimentaria y valoración de la geodiversidad del sistema Alemparte-Riosmar (A Mariña, Lugo)
(Universidad de Extremadura. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2025) Galdo, Kesia; Cajade Pascual, Daniel; Blanco Chao, Ramón; García García, Jesús Horacio; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Centro de Investigación Interuniversitario das Paixases Atlánticas Culturais (CISPAC); Nieto Masot, Ana; Cárdenas Alonso, Gema; Engelmo Moriche, Ángela
This paper analyzes the geomorphological dynamics of the Alemparte River and Riosmar Beach, located in Foz (Lugo, NW Iberian Peninsula). The aim is to provide a scientific basis for land use and management following the principles of “know and value”. The study begins by mapping the erosional escarpment at the river-sea interface from 1956 to the present. At a finer spatial and temporal resolution, sedimentary and topographic changes between the dry (summer) and wet (winter) seasons were assessed using gravelmeters and UAV imagery. Results indicate a highly dynamic sedimentary environment at Riosmar Beach, although with a neutral balance in sediment input and output. The alluvial fans feeding the beach are directly connected to the sea through the Alemparte River, forming a significant sediment transfer corridor. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for evidencebased management of highly geodiverse landscapes.
A pre-Pliocene origin of the glacial trimline in the Ellsworth Mountains and the prevalence of old landscapes at high elevations in West Antarctica
(Elsevier, 2026-03-15) Small, David; Bentley, Michael J.; Freeman, Stewart P. H. T.; Rodés Bolumburu, Ángel; Xu, Sheng; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
A glacial trimline at high elevations in West Antarctica informs on previous warm-based glaciation that occurred during an earlier stage of Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution. A multi-million-year history of theses landscapes has previously been evidenced in a few disparate locations. Here we present new cosmogenic nuclide analyses (10Be and 26Al) from a total of 60 samples (clasts and bedrock) at high elevations in several hard-to-access locations across the interior of West Antarctica. In the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains this trimline occurs at the highest elevations of any sites in West Antarctica (~3000 m asl). These new data reveal that clasts and bedrock, both above and below the trimline, have long exposure histories with minimum exposure-burial histories of 0.9–2.6 Ma. Accounting for low rates of erosion extends these exposure-burial histories to 2.7–4.8 Ma. Under the assumption of cyclical exposure-burial for proportions of glacial-interglacial cycles we show that some of our samples have exposure-burial histories extending back to the Miocene. We also present new data from the nearby Heritage Range where our new data supports previous work potentially extends the inferred persistence of the location of the West Antarctic ice sheet divide to >2.1 Ma. Finally, we present new data from two isolated nunataks (Mount Woollard and Mount Johns) located deep in the interior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet near the main ice divide. Paired nuclide analyses of samples from these nunataks also shows long exposure histories and unambiguous evidence of past burial within the last ~100 ka. Such a thickening is not currently represented in ice-sheet models.
Preserving and Developing Small Italian Borghi. An Economic Strategy to Enhance Sustainable Cultural Tourism?
(MDPI, 2025-02-15) Ivona, Antonietta; Lopez, Lucrezia; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
During recent years, a lot of attention has been given to economic and demographic trends in different rural areas. Considering this, the main aim of the present work is answering the following research question: Can a robust resilience of small towns and villages (also called Borghi, in Italian), bolstered by powerful planning and financial force through the NRRP, reverse the abandonment process? Our case study refers to Italy. In physics, resilience refers to the ability of a system to recover shape and balance after some form of turbulence. Applied to regional and urban development, this term is generally construed as the ability of a system to respond to changes that occur at different territorial scales. Beyond the interpretative differences, the potential of the concept of resilience for the analysis of the economic growth dynamics of the territories remains significant. The initial findings of this work reveal how the interventions in marginalised areas have failed to correspond to the intended ’territoriality’, thus compromising their effectiveness.
Gateway to Europe Eurocity: a failed project of local cross-border cooperation on the Spain–Portugal Border?
(Springer, 2026-03-26) Vila Lage, Roberto; Amado Acedo, Alexander; Martín Jiménez, María Isabel
The Gateway to Europe Eurocity European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (GEE EGTC), located in a low-density area of the Portuguese–Spanish border, serves as the case study for this research. Drawing on semi-structured interviews, the paper examines local perspectives on the Eurocity and cross-border cooperation. The findings reveal deep demographic and socio-economic challenges, particularly depopulation and the decline of border-related activities, alongside the persistence of symbolic and cultural ties that foster shared identity. While the GEE EGTC has so far remained largely inactive and disconnected from everyday life, the study highlights both the obstacles that hinder its implementation—such as political discontinuities, institutional fragmentation, and limited resources—and the opportunities to reshape cross-border cooperation through more bottom-up and multi-scalar approaches. These results contribute to the debate on the role and limitations of Eurocities in rural border contexts and invite further reflection on the need to adapt this concept beyond predominantly urban settings.
Effects of the Pandemic on Urban Tourism in the City of Porto
(Springer, 2023) Braga, José Luís; Pazos Otón, Miguel; Pereira, Miguel; Mota, Catarina; Magalhães, Miguel; Leite, Sónia; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Vidal Carvalho, João; Abreu, António; Liberato, Pedro; Peña, Alejandro
This paper presents an analysis of secondary quantitative data on the impact of the pandemic on one of the most relevant urban tourism destinations in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This in-depth study of the official tourism statistics yielded by Porto Convention and Visitors Bureau is justified given the fact that Porto witnessed a huge increase in the number of tourists before the pandemic. Hence, the aim of the paper is to analyse the effects of the pandemic in the socioeconomic sustainability of tourism in this destination. The results of the research highlight the sudden drop in tourist activity driven by the constraints derived from the pandemic in Porto. In addition, we will analyse the first signs of recovery that were felt in the tourist industry of Porto, looking at how they may influence the immediate future of this activity. In fact, according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE), tourism, during 2021, in Portugal, despite registering a notable growth compared to 2020, was still below 2019.
Rural Gender Violence
(Oregon State University-OSU, 2026-01-08) Pallarés Ameneiro, Laura; Santos Solla, Xosé Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Shaw, Susan M.; Santos Solla, Xosé Manuel; Mayilsamy, Jayamala; Pallarés Ameneiro, Laura; Rosaline, Zenetta; Lockhart, Janet
In this chapter about violence against women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ people in rural spaces, we first consider how the definition of a rural area differs among governments, NGOs, and other entities; complicating understanding of the issue and development of initiatives to resist violence. We then examine the extent of the problem of violence against women and other gender minorities in rural spaces and look at some of the specific forms of violence enacted against them. Finally, we review some programs and initiatives to end violence against rural women and consider what strategies and resources might still be needed.
Resisting Gender Violence
(Oregon State University-OSU, 2026-01-08) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía; Shaw, Susan M.; Santos Solla, Xosé Manuel; Mayilsamy, Jayamala; Pallarés Ameneiro, Laura; Rosaline, Zenetta; Lockhart, Janet
Gender violence occurs within every country and cultural context, affecting women, girls, and LGBTQIA+ people of all racial, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, ability, and age groups. Gender violence is one of the most pervasive human rights violations in the world. With contributing authors from across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, Resisting Gender Violence represents a truly global perspective.
What do foot pilgrims appreciate? Symmetric and asymmetric effects of pilgrim hostel attributes on satisfaction along the camino de Santiago
(Taylor and Francis | Routledge, 2025-03-03) Kim, Bona; Yang, Xiaotao; Santos Solla, Xosé Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Xeografía e Historia
Where to stay overnight during a long, hard trek is a major concern among foot pilgrims. Despite growth in accommodation options to suit visitors and historical traditions, no studies appear to have focussed on pilgrim hostels. Pilgrims’ accommodation-related needs and opinions remain unknown. This study specifically identifies pilgrim hostel attributes and examines pilgrims’ perceptions of the attributes using importance – performance analysis and asymmetric impact-performance analysis. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct pilgrim segments. With 377 respondents, this pioneering investigation of pilgrim hostels along the Camino provides stakeholders with evidence-based recommendations to fulfill pilgrims’ needs through the management of contemporary pilgrim hostels.
Gestión estratégica del consumo en mercados turísticos
(Universidad del Zulia, 2025-07-28) Silva, Milo Andrade da; Soares, Jakson Renner; Santos Solla, Xosé Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
Los mercados municipales desempeñan un papel clave en la dinámica turística y en la vida urbana de Santiago de Compostela, actuando como espacios de abastecimiento, identidad cultural y atracción turística. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la gestión del consumo en el Mercado de Abastos de Santiago, considerando las percepciones de turistas y residentes. La metodología se basó en un enfoque cuantitativo, mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios estructurados a 317 participantes durante el año 2024. Los resultados revelan una percepción positiva respecto a la calidad del ambiente, la autenticidad de los productos y el valor cultural del mercado, aunque se identificaron carencias en comunicación sobre sostenibilidad y participación ciudadana. Se concluye que una gestión estratégica del consumo, basada en prácticas sostenibles y mecanismos de gobernanza colaborativa, puede fortalecer el papel del mercado como espacio integrador, favoreciendo la convivencia y la sostenibilidad del destino.
Biota and geomorphic processes as key environmental factors controlling soil formation at Elephant Point, Maritime Antarctica
(Elsevier, 2017) González Guzmán, Adrián; Oliva, Marc; Souza-Junior, Valdomiro Severino; Pérez Alberti, Augusto; Ruiz-Fernández, Jesús; Otero Pérez, Xosé Lois; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Ambientais (CRETUS); Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Xeografía
We examined the main soil forming factors affecting the soil composition, soil properties and the associated soil-forming processes at Elephant Point, a small ice-free environment in the South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica. For this purpose, we collected twenty soil samples from each of ten different sites distributed along a linear transect running from the coast to the front of the Rotch Dome glacier. The samples were obtained from surface layers (0–10 cm) and at depth (40–50 cm), although collection was limited in the moraine area by the permafrost table. We determined pH, electrical conductivity, size particle distribution, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca and P, for physical and chemical characterization of the samples. We also analysed the samples to determine the bioavailability of nutrients and Fe, Al and P partitioning and finally examined them by isotopic (δ15N) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results of the analyses revealed two clear geochemical environments corresponding to the two most extensive geomorphological units in this peninsula: moraine and marine terraces. Soils from the moraine were characterized by alkaline reaction and high quantity of minerals with a low degree of crystallinity, whereas soils from the marine terraces showed acid reaction, high concentration of organometallic complexes and a high diversity of phosphate minerals (taranakite, minyulite, struvite, hydroxylapatite and leucophosphite), which seem to be generated by phosphatization of faecal matter deposited by seabirds and seals. Consequently, biota activity is the most relevant soil differentiating factor in the marine terraces, which add organic matter and activate geochemical cycles. On the other hand, geomorphic processes strongly affected by physical weathering processes such as glacial abrasion (by grinding process), frost shattering, and wind abrasion are the main soil-forming factors in moraine. These forces break up the parent material, transform it and translocate the products formed.

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