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The influence of health resources on income inequality in Europe
(Sage, 2026-02-12) Ferreiro Pérez, Adrián; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Martínez Lourido, A.; Fernández Pérez, Cristina; Reyes Santías, F.; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psiquiatría, Radioloxía, Saúde Pública, Enfermaría e Medicina
In recent times, there has been an increase in social and health research focused on improving citizens' health and equity. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to analyse how health resources influence income inequality and, through this, to understand the relevance of public health policies on social equity. For this purpose, unbalanced panel data from 32 European countries were used for the period 2005–2020 and a random effects model is employed. Results show different values depending on the type of expenditure considered in the model and whether robust errors are applied during estimation, but in general they indicate a significant negative influence of most of the health variables used on income inequality, especially public health expenditure. In contrast, the number of physicians per thousand inhabitants seem to encourage inequality, which could be due to inefficiencies in the allocation of this resource. Regarding the incorporation of dummy variables into the models, it can be concluded that income inequality in countries with a mixed health system is not significantly different from that in countries with a national health system, while such inequality is lower in countries with a social health insurance system than in those with a national health system, although the difference is not significant with robust errors. All this shows that public health policies aimed at increasing investment in health can be a great support in the fight against income inequality, especially those that impact equity in the financing and distribution of health resources.
Bycatch trend and its fate of the Spanish-owned tuna purse seiners fleet from the Atlantic and Indian oceans: Impacts of the implementation of good practices
(Elsevier, 2025-07) Acevedo Iglesias, Sergio; Herrera, Miguel; Ramos Alonso, María Lourdes; Baéz Barrionuevo, José Carlos; Ruiz, Jon; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Rojo, Vanessa; Pascual Alayón, Pedro José; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Administración e Dirección de Empresas
This study examines the fate of species caught as bycatch in the tropical tuna purse seine fishery across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from 2003 to 2022, focusing on the impact of the industry-implemented Code of Good Practices (CGP) and bycatch mitigation measures from Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (t-RFMOs). Data were sourced from scientific observers under both Spain’s National Data Collection Framework (DCF, Regulation (EU) No 2017/1004) and the OPAGAC-AGAC observer program, which covers other flags as well. Following the adoption of CGP and t-RFMO regulations, statistical tests reveal significant improvements in the live-release rates of sharks and rays after 2014 in both oceans, but no significant differences in live-release rates for marine turtles, which were already high. Despite these positive trends, interactions with certain species, such as billfish, experiences an increase in discard rates during the last years of the study period. The study identifies coastal regions near Gabon and Angola in the Atlantic, and northern Indian Ocean fishing areas as potential hotspots for some sensitive species, which may be confirmed as information from other fisheries come to light.
Degradación das institucións sociais e usos do solo: mecanismos de retroalimentación entre forestación e condicións de habitabilidade no rural
(Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2020) Martínez Cabrera, Helena; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
A evidencia sobre a irreversibilidade de certos cambios sociais foise consolidando, mais os procesos de formación das percepcións de irreversibilidade e as relacións entre os elementos que as alimentan permanecen inexplorados. Este traballo aborda a contribución dos usos do solo á creación de condicións de habitabilidade no rural, un dos principais retos socioeconómicos destas áreas, empregando 10 entrevistas con persoas expertas no monte realizadas no ano 2016 na Mariña luguesa. Mediante un Diagrama de Bucles Causais, elabórase un modelo de benestar percibido que captura as dinámicas entre subsistemas sociais e naturais no presente, ademais das súas posibilidades de cambio. Os resultados confirman que a autoeficacia, o sentimento de lugar ou a sensación de control asentan unha percepción de irreversibilidade sobre a calidade de vida no rural e reducen a probabilidade de acción colectiva. A necesidade de considerar as percepcións da poboación no deseño de políticas de dinamización rural eficaces queda subliñada.
Análisis socioeconómico de los itinerarios culturales en el Camino de Santiago versus Rutas de Carlos V
(Atelier, 2025-01) Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
La presente obra te invita a descubrir los itinerarios culturales y su máximo exponente, el Camino de Santiago. Se trata de un estudio multidisciplinar y sistémico que desgrana los diferentes aspectos que afectan al concepto, desarrollo y consolidación de este patrimonio cultural cada día más relevante en el ámbito europeo y americano. A través de su páginas, se abordan aspectos cruciales de los itinerarios culturales tales como la propia evolución del concepto y su repercusión en ámbitos como el económico, jurídico e internacional. Asimismo, efectúa una aproximación a la temática mediante el examen del Camino de Santiago. Este itinerario, nacido como ruta de peregrinación cristiana, fue evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo hasta convertirse en un crisol de culturas, tradiciones y legados que han perdurado hasta nuestros días. En sus páginas, se explora el efecto que esta ruta cultural ejerce en la conservación del patrimonio asociado, el desarrollo local, la propiedad privada y el entorno físico y ambiental. Este libro se presenta como un aporte valioso y necesario, sumándose así a las demandadas publicaciones que profundizan en los itinerarios culturales. Acompaña a sus reconocidos autores en este viaje de reflexión científica que no solo conecta lugares, sino también historia y conocimiento, mostrando la importancia de preservar este valioso legado para las generaciones futuras.
Multianálisis de las Organizaciones más valoradas para el desempeño laboral en España
(Universidad Pablo Olavide, 2020) Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
El presente artículo trata de conocer el perfil de las empresas más valoradas para el desempeño laboral en España y determinar la posible influencia que tienen en la valoración total. Para ello, se parte del ranking de las 100 empresas con mayor valoración publicado anualmente por la Revista de Actualidad Económica en el período 2013-2016. En un primer paso, se realiza un análisis descriptivo de los promedios de valoración de las empresas agrupándolas por su nacionalidad, la región en la que tienen su sede, el sector económico, el tamaño y su cotización en el mercado bursátil. En un segundo paso, mediante modelos de regresión múltiple, se tratará de establecer si estas características influyen en la valoración total. A pesar de los estudios realizados por diversos autores, no existe ninguno que analice diversas variables objetivas de las empresas para conocer sus perfiles y su posible influencia en el valor total. Los principales hallazgos serían que la mayoría de las empresas más atractivas para trabajar tienen carácter internacional (17 países); predominan los sectores financieros y actividades profesionales, científicas; ubicadas principalmente en la capital del país (76,8%); de gran tamaño y que cotizan en bolsa. Se concluye que sólo el tamaño y la cotización en bolsa, influyen en la valoración total de las empresas. Destacamos como principales contribuciones, la novedad de este tipo de estudios a través de métodos cuantitativos y un mayor conocimiento sobre el perfil de las empresas más atractivas para trabajar en España.
The Influence of Environmental Sustainability on Economic and Social Sustainability and on the Job Attractiveness of Excellent Companies to Work for
(ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2025) Cid Bouzo, Ana; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Ríos Blanco, Adrián; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
This study aims to analyze the importance of environmental sustainability through its influence on job attractiveness, economic sustainability, and social sustainability of excellent companies to work for. Using data from the annual RAE ranking of the best workplaces in Spain during 2013–2023, companies with environmental sustainability certified under the ISO 14001 standard are studied comparatively against those without this certification. The methodology includes descriptive, exploratory, and inferential analyses. The findings show that most attractive workplaces implement environmental policies aligned with the ISO 14001 certification. Environmentally sustainable companies receive higher ratings in terms of CSR, which enhance their reputation as employers. These companies tend to be larger, increasing the likelihood of obtaining environmental certification, though they fail to consolidate economic and social sustainability. The practical implications of the study include recommending that governments promote environmental policies in small businesses without restricting efforts to any specific economic sector.
Trends, triggers, and type of plagiarist on academic assignments: a case of study at the Spanish university
(United Academic Journals, 2021) Canay Pazos, José Raúl; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Failler, Pierre; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
The aim of the paper is to deepen the knowledge of plagiarism among college students in a Spanish University and to propose measures leading to its reduction. An analytical framework was developed to compare students’ perception of the plagiarism that they perform with data provided by anti-plagiarism software, which provided objective information about student’s real plagiarism behaviour. The data´s comparison revealed a general lack of knowledge about plagiarism; 37 % of the students declared ignorance of what it is. They were able to recognise cheating activities as plagiarism only when severe. Thus, cheating attitudes were perceived as morally acceptable in the most common plagiarism situations such as the reproduction of works from the internet. In policy terms, the implementation of training measures is advisable to provide students with conceptual tools to help them avoid and reject plagiarism. Improving compliance and the articulation of gradual and adapted punishments to the cheaters will be relevant to reinforce the educational system and reduce dishonest attitudes.
On the role of perception: Understanding stakeholders’ collaboration in natural resources management through the evolutionary theory of innovation
(MDPI, 2021) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Martínez Cabrera, Helena; Vilela, Raúl; Pennino, María Grazia; Bellido, José María; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
Natural resources management deals with highly complex socioecological systems. This complexity raises a conundrum, since wide-ranging knowledge from different sources and types is needed, but at the same time none of these types of knowledge is able by itself to provide the basis for a viable productive system, and mismatches between the two of them are common. Therefore, a growing body of literature has examined the integration of different types of knowledge in fisheries management. In this paper, we aim to contribute to this ongoing debate by integrating the evolutionary theory of innovation—and specifically the concept of proximity—and the theory of perception. We set up a theoretical framework that is able to explain not only why the different types of knowledge differ, but also why they should differ and why this divergence is useful to develop fisheries management. This framework is illustrated through a well-known complex scenario, as was the implementation of the Landing Obligation (LO) in Europe. We conclude that diversity (distance) between types of knowledge is essential for interactive learning, innovation, the incorporation of new ideas or to avoid lock-in, etc. At the same time, cognitive, institutional, geographical, etc. proximity is needed for effective communication, participation and dialogue.
Is Innovation a Driver of Sustainability? An Analysis from a Spanish Region
(MDPI, 2021) Llorca Ponce, Alicia; Rius Sorolla, Gregorio; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
1. Background. It is well-known that innovation contributes to economic growth, improves productivity and enables competitive advantage. However, beyond these matters, it would be of interest to know what role innovation plays in relation to sustainability. This paper focuses on whether innovation is a driver of sustainability in its three dimensions: social, economic and environmental. 2. Methods. The study was conducted with companies in the Valencian community (Spain) to analyze whether they significantly contribute to sustainability as innovators. Economical sustainability was assessed based on economic and financial profitability; social sustainability was assessed by employment generation. To determine whether companies contributed to environmental sustainability, we considered those which, apart from a reputation (“label”) in innovation, had some kind of environmental certification. 3. Results. Our results indicate that innovative companies are more profitable and generate more employment. However, there are no differences in terms of performance and employment generation between innovative companies and those that are also environmentally sensitive. 4. Conclusion. Innovation is a driving force of economic and social sustainability in the studied area, but environmental sensitivity is not a driver for economic and social sustainability.
Measuring the Sustainability of the Orange Economy
(MDPI, 2022) Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Llorca Ponce, Alicia; Rius Sorolla, Gregorio; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
1. Background. The Orange economy includes creative and cultural activities; and it has aroused great interest, both for research on growth and for public agencies and institutions, which have highlighted its capacity as an economic engine and a generator of sustainable growth. Despite this widely disseminated argument, empirical evidence is scarce. 2. Methods. This paper aims to resolve that, based on an analysis of Orange economy companies in two Spanish regions—the Valencian and Galician Autonomous Communities—for the period between 2000 and 2019. Based on the SABI® database, which contains data from the annual accounts that companies must submit to Mercantile Registry, company’s data have been grouped into three large subgroups and within activity branches. 3. Results. The Orange economy revenues and earnings have contributed at a higher growth rate than of the economy as a whole. It has achieved higher profitability ratios on a lasting basis over time. Although, there are differences between the various activities included in this sector 4. Conclusions. The Orange economy can be considered as an engine and a generator of sustained growth over time. Furthermore, results obtained show that the Orange economy is a sector that is resilient against crisis.
Flexibility and Reliability when Measuring the Informal Economy
(Universidad Estatal Milagro, 2025) Ríos Blanco, Adrián; Campo Villares, Manuel Octavio del; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
Informal economy can have ambiguous consequences on economic growth and the morality of a given society, among others, differing significantly in size over time and across different territories. Against this background, quantifying shadow economy is a necessary but complicated task that relies on mensuration procedures such as survey data models, questionnaires, and econometric approaches. The present article aims to review the basic assumptions and main features of the current informal sector assessment methodology, exploring the potential inaccuracy issues inherent to flexible methods and the inflexibility concerns present in more reliable processes. While the “General Equilibrium” approaches embody the most plausible and promising attempts to reconcile flexibility and reliability properties, this document will try to elucidate whether a reasonable balance is accomplishable under the methodologies available nowadays.
España y Portugal: ¿hacia un modelo de integración Ibérica?
(Universidad Estatal de Bolivar, 2025) López Márquez, Antonio; Jardón Ferreiro, Eladio; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
A lo largo de los siglos, los Estados ibéricos constituyeron barreras e identidades diferenciadas que impidieron el desarrollo de fórmulas de integración y cooperación peninsulares. Es por esta razón que numerosos autores se han referido a España y Portugal como dos países que crecieron de espaldas. Frente a esta realidad, la integración de ambos países en la Unión Europea (UE) a finales del siglo XX supuso un punto de inflexión. El proyecto comunitario establecía un escenario de confianza y solidaridad entre países que iba a permitir tender puentes entre estas regiones. De forma progresiva, las relaciones hispano-lusas van a comenzar a reforzarse, así hasta la actualidad, donde parecen vivir su mejor momento posicionándose como socios económicos privilegiados y con ejemplos de unión de esfuerzos para la consecución de intereses comunes, lo que sugiere el planteamiento de nuevas formas de integración entre España y Portugal.
El papel y la contribución de los agentes de empleo y desarrollo local (AEDLs): análisis del caso gallego
(Universitat de València, 2024) Campo Villares, Manuel Octavio del; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Miguéns Refojo, Vanessa; Jardón Ferreiro, Eladio; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la contribución de los agentes deempleo y desarrollo local (AEDLs)gallegos al DesarrolloLocal. Para ello, se identifican las funciones que realizan, y se evalúa la prestación de servicios realizada.Para ello, se remitió una encuesta a los AEDLsde Galicia en 2022,contestada por el 68% de estos agentes. Con la información cuantitativa obtenida se plantearonseis hipótesis relacionando el trabajo de los AEDLs con sus contribucionesal territorio.Para determinar la significación estadística de las diferencias observadas entre grupos, se realizó un test de comparación de medias, basado en la relación entre las varianzas de cada grupoy se contrastó conun test-F para aceptar o rechazar esta hipótesis.Los resultadosmuestran que la experiencia profesional del AEDL es significativa a la hora de asesorar a los agentes socioeconómicos. El 62% de los agentes dedican un tiempo extra a la jornada laboral y ello contribuye a aumentar el tejido socio-productivolocal. Los AEDLs realizanun 49,5% de las funciones propias de su trabajo, y contribuyen de manera significativa al Desarrollo Local mediante el asesoramientoenla creación de empresas,de empleo, estudiode necesidades formativasy tramitación de subvenciones.
The fewer insider poachers, the more normative compliance: Clues for managing poaching in the shellfish sector.
(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Helena Martínez Cabrera; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
Shellfish poaching is an act of noncompliance with the laws that regulate fisheries governance. In this paper we explored if compliance with shellfishing laws among Galician licensed shellfish-gatherers (NW Spain) is voluntary or motivated by coercive factors. The results reveal that in those communities with a greater degree of compliance, licensed shellfish-gatherers do not poach and comply with the rules voluntarily. The conditions in these communities favor the co-management of resources in such a way that the participation of gatherers in the governance processes, internal cooperation, self-government capacity or participation in enforcement are significantly greater than in communities where there is no compliance. Furthermore, we have explored the perception of the shellfish-gatherers to minimize poaching in their communities. The interviewees distinguished two types of poachers, depending on whether they belong to the shellfishing industry or not. We made recommendations regarding policy to reduce poaching, which combine coercive and normative strategies.
The use of a spatial model of economic efficiency to predict the most likely outcomes under different fishing strategy scenarios
(Elsevier, 2021-04-11) Vilela, Raúl; Pennino, Maria Grazia; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Bellido, José María; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
The current European Union has been progressively implementing since January 2014 a discard ban which includes the obligation to land unwanted catch for certain regulated species and sizes. Although a full enforcement of the landing obligation has a direct impact on discard reduction through more responsible and selective fishing, fishers argue that it will prompt both a decrease in incomes and an increase in working time onboard. Thus, the measure is in a hold in south-western waters due to the difficulties to implement the ban in mixed fisheries This paper analyzes some possible scenarios which fishers could face under the landing obligation. It is shown the construction of a spatial bio-economic model to infer average costs, incomes and gross profits by fishing ground. We illustrate its use using a coastal trawling fleet based in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula as case study. Results show how fishing ground selection will remain the key factor affecting gross profits, well above the selection of closer fishing grounds, the improvement of fuel efficiency, or extending the length of the fishing trip. Increasing the number of crew members to overcome the expected excess of work time onboard would also be a cost-benefit balanced measure. According to our scenario simulations, to maintain business-as-usual (status quo situation) is the most probable fishing strategy without any regulation change. Fishing strategies are tight and maximized to current economic outcomes. Fishers will be reluctant to change their own fishing unless they are forced to for economic and/or regulatory reasons
Implications of the WTO and EU fuel taxation reforms for a European fishing fleet: effects, side-effects and alternative approaches from an input–output analysis of the Galician (northwest Spain) fleet
(Springer, 2024) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Sánchez Llamas, Eduardo; Martínez Cabrera, Helena; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and European Union (EU) have both put forward tax reforms that impact fisheries’ fuel costs, which are similar in the object of taxation but quite different in the externalities addressed, goals, scope, exemptions or tax rates, creating an opportunity to compare the effects and discuss the alternatives. These proposals are the result of long and intense debates in political, social and academic spheres. However, certain aspects remain unclear. First of all, the number of empirical studies is still limited, particularly considering that fisheries governance is subject to heterogeneous management systems and institutional contexts creating room for different potential outputs. Second, coastal states have no fiscal competence beyond 12 miles, which limits the scope of the reforms to small scale fleets (SSF). All in all, the economic consequences for the fleets remain unclear. To this end, we will build on the Galician fishing sector (NW Spain) input–output tables to discuss the direct impacts, effects and side effects of these reforms on a representative European fleet. Flaws identified in both initiatives mean that targeted externalities will not be corrected and, moreover, additional ones, such as distributional effects penalising SSF or fuel spillovers, could be boosted. Alternative policy approaches are discussed
Estimating illegal catches in data-poor S-fisheries: Insights from multispecies shellfish poaching in galician small scale fisheries
(Elsevier, 2024) Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Sánchez Llamas, Eduardo; Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Estudos e Desenvolvemento de Galicia (IDEGA)
The opaque nature of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing means that the data on catches are scarce or unreliable, making it difficult to estimate the volume of illegal fishing and the number of individuals who practice it. In this work, we develop the use of quantification methods for IUU fishing in data-poor fisheries and provide estimates for the main shellfish species exploited in S-fisheries in Galicia (NW Spain). To make the estimates, we use a model whose primary input is the Confiscations per unit of policing effort (CPUPE) index, which relates the sanctions imposed for poaching, estimated poaching, and confiscations carried out by the Enforcement Forces. The estimates for the period 2012–2020 are 660.2 t of illegal catches of different species and an average number of 1,766.2 poachers/year. These estimates provide evidence that makes it possible to analyse tendencies in illegal fishing, to establish assessment baselines and to highlight potential improvements in the fight against IUU fishing in small-scale fisheries
The state of the art in cost-benefit of HTS methods for stock assessment: an overview
(Frontiers, 2022) Rodríguez Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Martínez Ballesteros, Hugo; Sánchez Llamas, Eduardo; Bande Ramudo, Roberto; Fernández Otero, Rosa; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Fundamentos da Análise Económica
Over the past two decades, enormous progresses have been made in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) method development. This fact unveiled the potential usefulness of HTS methods in a wide range of fields such as fishery assessment and management, for which their application has been extensively discussed. As a consequence of the rapid development, sequencing costs have continuously declined, leading to a general claim that HTS methods are cost-efficient compared with traditional ones. Within this context, the underlying research objective is to assess the cost-effectiveness of genomic techniques through a review of the state of the art (SoA) on three HTS methods: i) environmental DNA (eDNA); ii) epigenetics method for age determination through DNA methylation (DNAm), and; iii) close-kin mark-recapture (CKMR) applied on marine ecosystems and fisheries and for stock assessment purposes. The SoA review of the literature on HTS methods was performed through the snow-balling systematic reviewing approach. The analysis has considered the set of processes and variables necessary to perform the stock assessment and compared the capacity of current and HTS methods for providing the required data. Research reveals that HTS methods constitute a promising tool for fishery research and, particularly, for improving scientific advice. Nevertheless, up to now, only one research, on a non-commercial species, has been conducted on the application of HTS methods for stock assessment purposes. Although some partial data are present in the literature, no systematic analysis on costs has been found. This paper suggests that the future research agenda should attempt to straddle both the scenarios for the transition process, considering complementary implementation and substitution possibilities and their cost-efficiency. Clarifying these questions is likely to pave the way for the effective and step-wise implementation of these methods in fishery management; thus, further research is recommended to encompass the transition process
Can Talent Management Improve Training, Sustainability and Excellence in the Labor Market?
(MDPI, 2021) Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Miguéns Refojo, Vanessa; Atrio Lema, Yago; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
The objective of this article is to analyze the characteristics of the most attractive companies in the labor market, which each year maintained their position in the ranking published by the Spanish business magazine Actualidad Económica (AE) for the period 2013–2020. The research study will focus on permanence in ranking, global valuation, and training. To do this, control variables were added: business management gender, geo-cultural areas, regional areas, economic activity, size and stock market membership. This is a quantitative work, where statistics such as partial correlations, Pearson coefficients and independent sample means were used with the Levene test; in modeling, multiple regressions of ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel data were used. It is concluded that the permanence in the ranking significantly increases the total value and training, which leads companies to excellence, along with the fact that they are in the capital of the country and that they focus on the commerce, professional, scientific and technical, and finance and insurance sectors. On the other hand, assessment of training is explained by employee valuation, the work environment and talent management. On the contrary, factors such as the gender variable in the business direction, nationality, size and stock market membership do not significantly influence the overall valuation.
Business Survival and the Influence of Innovation on Entrepreneurs in Business Incubators
(MDPI, 2020) Campo Villares, Manuel Octavio del; Miguéns Refojo, Vanessa; Ferreiro-Seoane, Francisco-Jesús; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Economía Aplicada
One of the objectives of this article is to study how innovation influences the results of entrepreneurs located in business incubators. The other objective is to examine how the training of entrepreneurs contributes to creating companies with high sustainability rates over time that are wealth generators in society. To achieve these objectives, entrepreneurs in business incubators in Spain were identified along with their level of training, their experience in business management, how much employment they have generated, their survival rate and the annual accounts (where economic, financial, and management information on the companies is collected). In turn, they were sent a questionnaire that allowed us to classify them by their degree of innovation. The techniques used are independent sample statistics that apply the Levene’s test, the analysis of the balance sheet, the income statements, and management indicators. This study concludes that, from the selected sample, 83.3% of the entrepreneurs established in business incubators in Spain have university training, and 64.2% prefer the branches of science, with 7.75 years of business experience, which favors business survival (100% in the seventh year of life) and the creation of qualified employment. All this favors the sustainability of the productive and business model which, being more intensive in knowledge and R&D, becomes more competitive in the market. On the other hand, there are no significant differences regarding the economic results, nor in the management indicators among the entrepreneurs of the incubators according to their degree of innovation. The value of research lies in the importance of studies on the relationship between innovation, training, and wealth-generating sustainability in incubators in today’s knowledge economy.

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