Cognicióneconduta

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/10347/34312

O grupo Procesos Cognitivos e Conducta (GI-1842) da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela constituíuse formalmente no ano 2004. PCC é un grupo interdisciplinar integrado maioritariamente por psicólogos experimentais, pero tamén por psicólogos clínicos e lingüistas cuxas aportacións científicas interesan non só á Ciencia Cognitiva, senón que tamén poden ser relevantes en ámbitos aplicados como a aprendizaxe de segundas linguas e o bilingüismo, a adquisición de habilidades e o deseño de protocolos de adestramento, a comunicación e a persuasión política, ou a prevención de trastornos e o manexo de emocións en suxeitos fóbicos ou depresivos, así como no control das interaccións socias no autismo.

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Preventing the return of fear memories with post-retrieval extinction: a human study using a burst of white noise as an aversive stimulus
(American Psychological Association, 2018) Fernández Rey, José; González González, Daniel; Redondo Lago, Jaime Mauro; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Standard extinction procedures seem to imply an inhibition of the fear response, but not a modification of the original fear-memory trace, which remains intact (Bouton, 2002, 2004). Typically, the behavioral procedure used to modify this trace is the so-called postretrieval extinction, consisting of fear-memory reactivation followed by extinction applied within the reconsolidation window. However, the application of this technique yields mixed results, probably due to a series of boundary conditions that limit the effectiveness of postretrieval-extinction effects. In this study a number of potential, and hitherto unexplored, moderators of such effects are considered. Using an interval of 48 hr between extinction and re-extinction, the findings show a spontaneous recovery similar to that found in studies that use a 24-hr interval. Also, the use of intervals of 10 and 20 min between reactivation and extinction led to a similar fear return. Finally, the burst of white noise used as an unconditioned stimulus (US) here was shown to be as effective as the electric shock normally used in the study of fear-memory reconsolidation. These findings suggest that postretrieval extinction is an effective behavioral technique for modifying the original fear memory and for the elimination of the fear return
Is it possible to modify fear memories in humans with extinction training within a single day?
(Springer Nature, 2019) Redondo Lago, Jaime Mauro; Fernández Rey, José; González González, Daniel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Extinction procedures have been used widely in the study of fear memories, and different positions have been adopted regarding the efficacy of such procedures and the mechanisms involved. It has been argued that extinction may interfere with the consolidation of the fear memory if the procedure is applied with the appropriate timing after acquisition. However, the opposite position is also held, that is, that the extinction does not achieve an elimination of the fear response. The aim of the present study is to test the short-term effects of immediate extinction in fear reduction when this extinction is preceded by a retrieval trial. For this, a procedure similar to that employed by Schiller et al. (Nature 463(7277): 49–53, 2010) was used, but in a single day and with white noise as an aversive unconditioned stimulus. The results indicate that a CS+ single retrieval trial before the extinction procedure after acquisition was more effective in fear reduction than standard immediate extinction.
Examining the effects of pleasantness ratings on correct and false recognition in the DRM paradigm: accuracy, recollection and familiarity estimates
(Frontiers Media, 2024) Álvarez Martínez, Alicia; Sampedro Vizcaya, María José; Fernández Rey, José; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Distinctive encoding usually increases correct recognition while also producing a reduction in false recognition. In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion this phenomenon, called the mirror effect, occurs when participants focus on unique features of each of the words in the study list. In previous studies, the pleasantness rating task, used to foster distinctive encoding, generated different patterns of results. The main aim of our research is to examine under what circumstances this task can produce the mirror effect in the DRM paradigm, based on evidence from recognition accuracy and subjective retrieval experience. In Experiment 1, a standard version (word pleasantness rating on a 5-point Likert-type scale) was used for comparison with two other encoding conditions: shallow processing (vowel identification) and a readonly control. The standard task, compared to the other conditions, increased correct recognition, but did not reduce false recognition, and this result may be affected by the number of lists presented for study. Therefore, in experiment 2, to minimize the possible effect of the so-called retention size, the number of studied lists was reduced. In addition, the standard version was compared with a supposedly more item-specific version (participants rated the pleasantness of words while thinking of a single reason for this), also including the read-only control condition. In both versions of the pleasantness rating task, more correct recognition is achieved compared to the control condition, with no differences between the two versions. In the false recognition observed here, only the specific pleasantness rating task achieved a reduction relative to the control condition. On the other hand, the subjective retrieval experience accompanied correct and false recognition in the various study conditions. Although the standard pleasantness rating task has been considered to perform item-specific processing, our results challenge that claim. Furthermore, we propose a possible boundary condition of the standard task for the reduction of false recognition in the DRM paradigm
Learning words while listening to syllables: electrophysiological correlates of statistical learning in children and adults
(Frontiers Media, 2022) Soares, Ana Paula; Gutiérrez Domínguez, Francisco Javier; Lages, Alexandrina; Vasconcelos, Margarida; Jiménez García, Luis; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
From an early age, exposure to a spoken language has allowed us to implicitly capture the structure underlying the succession of speech sounds in that language and to segment it into meaningful units (words). Statistical learning (SL), the ability to pick up patterns in the sensory environment without intention or reinforcement, is thus assumed to play a central role in the acquisition of the rule-governed aspects of language, including the discovery of word boundaries in the continuous acoustic stream. Although extensive evidence has been gathered from artificial languages experiments showing that children and adults are able to track the regularities embedded in the auditory input, as the probability of one syllable to follow another syllable in the speech stream, the developmental trajectory of this ability remains controversial. In this work, we have collected Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) while 5-year-old children and young adults (university students) were exposed to a speech stream made of the repetition of eight three-syllable nonsense words presenting different levels of predictability (high vs. low) to mimic closely what occurs in natural languages and to get new insights into the changes that the mechanisms underlying auditory statistical learning (aSL) might undergo through the development. The participants performed the aSL task first under implicit and, subsequently, under explicit conditions to further analyze if children take advantage of previous knowledge of the to-be-learned regularities to enhance SL, as observed with the adult participants. These findings would also contribute to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms available to assist SL at each developmental stage. Although behavioral signs of learning, even under explicit conditions, were only observed for the adult participants, ERP data showed evidence of online segmentation in the brain in both groups, as indexed by modulations in the N100 and N400 components. A detailed analysis of the neural data suggests, however, that adults and children rely on different mechanisms to assist the extraction of word-like units from the continuous speech stream, hence supporting the view that SL with auditory linguistic materials changes through development.
What a transparent Romance language with a Germanic gender-determiner mapping tells us about gender retrieval: Insights from European Portuguese
(Spanish Society for Experimental Psychology, 2022) Sá-Leite Dias, Ana Rita; Gomes Tomaz, Ângela; Hernández-Cabrera, Juan A.; Acuña Fariña, Juan Carlos; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Comesaña, Montserrat; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
The study of the representation and processing of grammatical gender during language production has encountered mixed results regarding which conditions must be met to observe gender effects and whether these reflect the selection of gender values or competition between elements of agreement. The answer seems to depend on the number of determiners associated with each gender and on the language being explored. The present study aims to assess this issue through three picture-word interference tasks in European Portuguese. This is a transparent Romance language featuring a one-to-one gender-determiner mapping system similar to opaque Germanic languages. Conditions of gender in/congruency between targets and distractors were considered, along with gender transparency and agreement. We observed a gender congruency effect restricted to noun phrases. Importantly, the effect was modulated by transparency, which seems relevant regardless of agreement. To explain the results, we adapted the Dual-Route Model of language comprehension to production
So far but yet so near: examining the buffering effect of perceived social support on the psychological impact of Spanish lockdown
(Wiley, 2022) Dopico Casal, Carlos; Montes Piñeiro, Carlos; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Vieitez Portas, Lucía; Padrón Rodríguez, Isabel; Romero Triñanes, Estrella; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
The main objective of this study was to examine the moderating or buffering effect of social support (SS) perceived by university students on the psychological impact of lockdown on mental health. Specifically, a total of 826 participants (622 women) completed an online survey that included standardized measures of anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and irritability (Brief Irritability Test), as well as measures of stressors, perceived SS, and self-perceived change in mental health. The results of hierarchical regression analyses suggest that SS contributes toward attenuating the negative impact of academic stressors, general overload, and interpersonal conflict on the indicators of psychological well-being; however, moderation analysis only confirms the buffering effect for symptoms of anxiety. In conclusion, it is suggested that SS networks need to be strengthened as a basic means of protecting health and well-being during unexpected disasters
The mechanisms underlying grammatical gender selection in language production: a meta-analysis of the gender congruency effect
(Elsevier, 2022) Sá-Leite Dias, Ana Rita; Luna, Karlos; Gomes Tomaz, Ângela; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Comesaña, Montserrat; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Grammatical gender retrieval during language production has been largely addressed through the picture-word interference (PWI) paradigm, with the aim of capturing the so-called gender congruency effect (GCE). In the PWI paradigm, participants name target pictures while ignoring superimposed written distractor nouns. The GCE shows faster responses when target and distractor nouns share the same gender than when gender differs. Yet, the locus of this effect is not clear: it might be either due to the selection of a determiner or due to the selection of a gender node at the lemma level, which may be primed or delayed by competition. Importantly, many of those who argue that the GCE is not a genuine effect of gender conclude that gender is a feature that is retrieved automatically. Such a claim is controversial since the PWI paradigm has been seen as too complex and perhaps not sensitive enough to capture small effects. Besides, for Romance languages, mixed results draw a complex picture with effects occurring mainly in the opposite direction, i.e., a gender incongruency effect (GIE). In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis of the 18 studies that have addressed this issue. The results confirm the existence of the GCE as a determiner effect in Germanic/Slavic languages, while little support is found for the GIE in Romance languages. Nevertheless, we argue that the absence of gender effects in Germanic and Slavic languages within the PWI paradigm cannot be taken as evidence of an absence of priming/competition during gender selection and thus as evidence of an automatic selection of gender. Parametric replication of previous studies, especially those featuring bound morphemes, together with the use of other measuring techniques such as event related potentials are suggested as a way forward
Of beavers and tables: the role of animacy in the processing of grammatical gender within a picture-word interference task
(Frontiers Media, 2021) Sá-Leite Dias, Ana Rita; Haro Rodríguez, Juan; Comesaña Vila, Montserrat; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Grammatical gender processing during language production has classically been studied using the so-called picture-word interference (PWI) task. In this procedure, participants are presented with pictures they must name using target nouns while ignoring superimposed written distractor nouns. Variations in response times are expected depending on the congruency between the gender values of targets and distractors. However, there have been disparate results in terms of the mandatory character of an agreement context to observe competitive gender effects and the interpretation of the direction of these effects in Romance languages, this probably due to uncontrolled variables such as animacy. In the present study, we conducted two PWI experiments with European Portuguese speakers who were asked to produce bare nouns. The percentage of animate targets within the list was manipulated: 0, 25, 50, and 100%. A gender congruency effect was found restricted to the 0% list (all targets were inanimate). Results support the selection of gender in transparent languages in the absence of an agreement context, as predicted by the Gender Acquisition and Processing (GAP) hypothesis (Sá-Leite et al., 2019), and are interpreted through the attentional mechanisms involved in the PWI paradigm, in which the processing of animate targets would be favored to the detriment of distractors due to biological relevance and semantic prioritization
Unraveling the mystery about the negative valence bias: does arousal account for processing differences in unpleasant words?
(MDPI, 2021) Vieitez Portas, Lucía; Haro Rodríguez, Juan; Ferré Romeu, María del Pilar; Padrón Rodríguez, Isabel; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Many studies have found that the emotional content of words affects visual word recognition. However, most of them have only considered affective valence, finding inconsistencies regarding the direction of the effects, especially in unpleasant words. Recent studies suggest that arousal might explain why not all unpleasant words elicit the same behavior. The aim of the present research was to study the role of arousal in unpleasant word recognition. To do that, we carried out an ERP experiment in which participants performed a lexical decision task that included unpleasant words which could vary across three levels of arousal (intermediate, high, and very high) and words which were neutral in valence and had an intermediate level of arousal. Results showed that, within unpleasant words, those intermediate in arousal evoked smaller LPC amplitudes than words that were high or very high in arousal, indicating that arousal affects unpleasant word recognition. Critically, arousal determined whether the effect of negative valence was found or not. When arousal was not matched between unpleasant and neutral valenced words, the effect of emotionality was weak in the behavioral data and absent in the ERP data. However, when arousal was intermediate in both unpleasant and neutral valenced words, larger EPN amplitudes were reported for the former, pointing to an early allocation of attention. Interestingly, these unpleasant words which had an intermediate level of arousal showed a subsequent inhibitory effect in that they evoked smaller LPC amplitudes and led to slower reaction times and more errors than neutral words. Our results highlight the relevance that the arousal level has for the study of negative valence effects in word recognition
Psycholinguistic and affective norms for 1,252 Spanish idiomatic expressions
(Plos, 2021) Gavilán, José M.; Haro, Juan; Hinojosa, José Antonio; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Ferré, Pilar; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
This study provides psycholinguistic and affective norms for 1,252 Spanish idiomatic expressions. A total of 965 Spanish native speakers rated the idioms in 7 subjective variables: familiarity, knowledge of the expression, decomposability, literality, predictability, valence and arousal. Correlational analyses showed that familiarity has a strong positive correlation with knowledge, suggesting that the knowledge of the figurative meaning of an idiom is highly related to its frequency of use. Familiarity has a moderate positive correlation with final word predictability, indicating that the more familiar an idiom is rated, the more predictable it tends to be. Decomposability shows a moderate positive correlation with literality, suggesting that those idioms whose figurative meaning is easier to deduce from their constituents tend to have a plausible literal meaning. In affective terms, Spanish idioms tend to convey more negative (66%) than positive meanings (33%). Furthermore, valence and arousal show a quadratic relationship, in line with the typical U-shaped relationship found for single words, which means that the more emotionally valenced an idiom is rated, the more arousing it is considered to be. This database will provide researchers with a large pool of stimuli for studying the representation and processing of idioms in healthy and clinical populations
The causal role of DLPFC top-down control on the acquisition and the automatic expression of implicit learning: State of the art
(Elsevier, 2021) Prutean, Nicoleta; Martín Arévalo, Elisa; Leiva, Alicia; Jiménez García, Luis; Vallesi, Antonino; Lupiáñez, Juan; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Implicit learning refers to the incidental acquisition and expression of knowledge that is not accompanied by full awareness of its contents. Implicit sequence learning (ISL) represents one of the most useful paradigms to investigate these processes. In this paradigm, participants are usually instructed to respond to the location of a target that moves regularly through a set of possible locations. Although participants are not informed about the existence of a sequence, they eventually learn it implicitly, as attested by the costs observed when this sequence is violated in a reduced set of control trials. Interestingly, the expression of this learning decreases immediately after a control trial, in a way that resembles the adjustments triggered in response to incongruent trials in interference tasks. These effects have been attributed to a control network involving dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cingulate (ACC) structures. In the present work, we reviewed a group of recent studies which had inhibited DLPFC top-down control by means of non-invasive brain stimulation to increase the acquisition of ISL. In addition, as no previous study has investigated the effect of inhibiting top-down control on releasing the automatic expression of ISL, we present a pre-registered – yet exploratory – study in which an inhibitory continuous theta burst stimulation protocol was applied over an anterior-ventral portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) highly interconnected with the ACC, and whose activity has been specifically linked to motor control (i.e., Right DLPFC, n = 10 or the Left DLPFC, n = 10), compared to active Vertex stimulation (n = 10). Contrary to our hypotheses, the results did not show evidence for the involvement of such region in the expression of ISL. We discussed the results in the context of the set of contradictory findings reported in the systematic review
Processing gender agreement errors in pleasant and unpleasant words: An ERP study at the sentence level
(Elsevier, 2020) Padrón Rodríguez, Isabel; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Acuña Fariña, Juan Carlos; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
In this study we examine the extent to which aspects such as the emotionality coded in words may interfere with the processing of gender agreement errors in a sentence grammaticality judgement task. We follow the methodological pattern of our previous experiments, using consistently the same kind of structure and task (gender agreement) and only emotional (pleasant vs unpleasant) words, in an attempt to clarify whether neural correlates and performance show similar patterns in positive and negative words. We found an emotional effect in the N400 time window for unpleasant adjectives as well as the classic grammaticality effects in the left anterior negativity (LAN) and the P600 components. Overall, our results confirm those of our previous studies in that the LAN and the P600 grammaticality effects are not influenced by the emotional valence of moderately arousing pleasant and unpleasant words, showing that during sentence reading morphosyntactic error detection seems to be encapsulated
A Study on the Psychological Wound of COVID-19 in University Students
(Frontiers Media, 2021) Padrón Rodríguez, Isabel; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Vieitez Portas, Lucía; Montes Piñeiro, Carlos; Romero Triñanes, Estrella; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
An increasing number of studies have addressed the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the general population. Nevertheless, far less is known about the impact on specific populations such as university students, whose psychological vulnerability has been shown in previous research. This study sought to examine different indicators of mental health in university students during the Spanish lockdown; we also analyzed the main sources of stress perceived by students in relation to the COVID-19 crisis, and the coping strategies adopted when faced with the situation. Data was collected from 932 students (704 women) through a web-based platform. Measures of anxiety (i.e., GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), irritability, and self-perceived change in mental health were administered, as well as ad hoc measures of stressors and coping strategies. Results indicated that students experienced considerable psychological problems during the confinement, with higher rates of emotional difficulties in women and undergraduate students than in men and postgraduates, respectively. Psychological distress was mainly related to several specific domains of stressors, as perceived by the participants: academic future, task overload, worsening of interpersonal conflicts, and restrictions in pleasant social contact; and far less related to the spread of the disease and its consequences for physical health. As regards coping strategies, both reframing skills and daily routines were shown to be the most effective. A path-analysis model integrating stressors, coping, and mental health revealed that coping strategies partially mediated the effect of stressors on psychological health. In general, results suggest that students’ psychological health was substantially affected by the COVID-19 situation and that the academic and relational changes were the most notable sources of stress. This study reinforces the need to monitor and promote mental health in university students to boost resilience in times of crisis. Our results on effective coping strategies may inform preventive programs aimed at helping students to deal with challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic
Implicit Learning: Conceptual and Methodological Issues
(Ubiquity Press, 1997) Jiménez García, Luis; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
The goal of this paper is to discuss the main conceptual and methodological issues raised by implicit learning research I begin by stating a general definition of this implicit learning, and then discuss under which circumstances can such a definition be operationalized. I claim that (1) a specific relationship between intention to learn and the conscious vs. unconscious nature of the learning results should be assumed, and (2) that one of several possible assumptions regarding the sensitivity of any measure of performance to the contents of awareness should also be stipulated before it is possible to choose among several methodological strategies to demonstrate the existence of implicit learning. In the absence of a complete theory of awareness, it is argued that only the weakest assumption, namely that no measure of performance can be taken as an absolute index of awareness, can safely be accepted. However, despite the weakness of this methodological scenario, some empirical results (Jiménez, Mendez, & Cleeremans, 1996) are described as a way to illustrate that this framework still leaves some room to demonstrate the existence of implicit learning
Increasing control improves further control, but it does not enhance memory for the targets in a face–word Stroop task
(Springer, 2020) Jiménez García, Luis; Méndez Paz, Cástor; Agra, Óscar; Ortiz Tudela, Javier; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Recent research on the dynamics between attentional and memory processes have outlined the idea that applying control in a conflicting situation directly leads to enhanced episodic memory of the processed information. However, in spite of a small subset of studies supporting this claim, the majority of the evidence in the field seems to support the opposite pattern. In this study, we used a face–word Stroop task to enforce different control modes either from trial to trial or in an item-specific manner. Both manipulations of congruency proved to be effective in making participants’ responses to conflicting stimuli more efficient over time by applying a trial-specific control mode. However, these manipulations had no impact on memory performance on a surprise recognition memory test. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at measuring the memory consequences of the application of specific control modes at the trial level. The results reported here call for caution and possibly reconceptualization of the relationship between cognitive control and memory. Pursuing unusual goals (e.g., throwing a new sequence of punches when boxing or including new moves in your tango sequence) is more demanding than performing comparatively more habitual goals (e.g., sticking to your old moves in both scenarios) because to reach infrequent goals, performers have to take every step required to accomplish such goals and also prevent the potential intrusion coming from more habitual actions performed in those contexts. The processes recruited to overcome the conflict between alternative action courses are collectively referred to as “cognitive control,” and they have been explored systematically by means of interference lab tasks such as Stroop (MacLeod, 1992; Stroop, 1935), flanker (Eriksen & Eriksen, 1974), or Simon (Simon & Berbaum, 1990) tasks. For instance, in a Stroop task, if a participant is told to respond to a word denoting a color by referring to the color in which it is printed, its semantic content leads to an interference that is measured as the difference in reaction times between the conditions in which both features are congruent or incongruent with each other. One important result from the literature on cognitive control is that the efficiency of control processes is not invariant, but is rather subject to systematic changes. Thus, the effect of congruency decreases immediately after responding to an incongruent trial (i.e., the congruency sequence effect, or CSE; Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1992), or after responding to a large proportion of incongruent trials over a given block (i.e., list-wide proportion congruency effect, or LWPCE; Logan & Zbrodoff, 1979), a specific context (context-specific proportion congruency effect, or CSPCE; Crump, Gong, & Milliken, 2006), or even for a specific item (item-specific proportion congruency effect, or ISPCE; Jacoby, Lindsay, & Hessels, 2003). Thus, it appears that the efficiency of cognitive control becomes finely attuned to the previous experience, and it improves precisely in those conditions in which it becomes challenged
Distraction by deviant sounds: disgusting and neutral words capture attention to the same extent
(Springer, 2020) Parmentier, Fabrice B. R.; Fraga Carou, Isabel; Leiva, Alicia; Ferré, Pilar; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Several studies have argued that words evoking negative emotions, such as disgust, grab attention more than neutral words, and leave traces in memory that are more persistent. However, these conclusions are typically based on tasks requiring participants to process the semantic content of these words in a voluntarily manner. We sought to compare the involuntary attention grabbing power of disgusting and neutral words using them as rare and unexpected auditory distractors in a cross-modal oddball task, and then probing the participants’ memory for these stimuli in a surprise recognition task. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses converged to show that, compared to a standard tone, disgusting and neutral auditory words produced significant but equivalent levels of distraction in a visual categorization task, that they elicited comparable levels of memory discriminability in the incidental recognition task, and that the participants’ individual sensitivity to disgust did not influence the results. Our results suggest that distraction by unexpected words is not modulated by their emotional valence, at least when these words are task-irrelevant and are temporally and perceptually decoupled from the target stimuli
Language processing, linguistics, and constraints
(Universidad de Zaragoza. Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana, 2003) Acuña Fariña, Juan Carlos; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemá
That-clauses in noun phrase structure
(Universidad de Zaragoza. Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana, 1995) Acuña Fariña, Juan Carlos; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemá
The aim of this paper is to discuss aspects of the grammar of non-relative that-clauses following head nouns.1 Specifically, two aspects will be dis-cussed here. The first has to do with the different types of expansions of head nouns which can appear under the form of non-relative that-clauses. The sec-ond, actually a ramification of the first, concerns the nature of the evidence for positing distinct types of that-clauses. In essence, this paper will focus on the complement/modifier divide, as this applies to that-clauses inside NP. Matthews (1981: 231 ff.) and Meyer (1992: 51 ff.), on the one hand, and Grimshaw (1990: 45 ff.), on the other, will be used as background for this discussion. Central to the discussion will be an attempt to sustain the thesis that that-clause complements of nouns do not exist
Sociotropy, Autonomy and Emotional Symptoms in Patients with Major Depression or Generalized Anxiety: The Mediating Role of Rumination and Immature Defenses
(MDPI, 2020) Martínez Barbosa, Ruth María; Senra Rivera, María del Carmen; Fernández Rey, José; Merino Madrid, Hipólito; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Clínica e Psicobioloxía
The relationships between dimensions of personality (sociotropy and autonomy), coping strategies (rumination: brooding and reflection subtypes, and immature defenses) and symptoms of depression and anxiety were explored in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). A total of 279 patients completed questionnaires including measures of personality dimensions, rumination, immature defenses, depression and anxiety. Our findings suggested that sociotropy and autonomy may be associated with both depressive and anxious symptoms in patients with MDD and with GAD. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that brooding always acted as a mediating link between personality vulnerabilities (sociotropy and autonomy) and depressive and anxiety symptoms, independently of the patient group. In addition, in patients with MDD and those with GAD, brooding and immature defenses functioned together by linking sociotropy and autonomy, respectively, with depressive symptoms. Our results also showed that, in patients with GAD, both types of rumination explained the relationship between sociotropy and autonomy and anxiety symptoms. Overall, our findings provided evidence of the transdiagnostic role of the brooding, linking the vulnerability of personality dimensions and emotional symptoms. They also indicated that reflection and immature defenses can operate in conjunction with brooding, depending on the type of vulnerability and emotional context
Variabilidad cardiaca en tareas de búsqueda de memoria
(Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias, 1993) Valle-Inclán Alsina, Fernando del; Lamas González, Juan Ramón; Pásaro, Eduardo; Redondo Lago, Jaime Mauro; Alcalde, José; Rodríguez, Elisardo; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Psicoloxía Social, Básica e Metodoloxía
Se comparan estimaciones de variabilidad cardíaca en los dominios del tiempo y frecuencia durante períodos de descanso y en una tarea de búsqueda de memoria con dos niveles de dificultad. Los resultados indican que todas las medidas de variabilidad cardíaca (IBI, coeficiente de variación y estimaciones espectrales) disminuyen durante la tarea, pero no hay diferencias entre los dos niveles de dificultad de la tarea

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