Cuaternios, Octonios y Espacios Proyectivos
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El principal objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de las álgebras de división normadas de los cuaternios y de los octonios, junto con propiedades de los mismos. Se estudiarán las álgebras de división normadas mediante el proceso de construcción de Cayley-Dickson a partir de álgebras con productos escalares no degenerados de signatura arbitraria, para luego particularizar en el caso de signatura positiva, obteniendo así las álgebras de los números reales, complejos, cuaternios y octonios. Mediante el teorema de Hurwitz, se justificará la no existencia de otras álgebras de división normadas reales. A continuación, se estudiarán brevemente los espacios proyectivos sobre estas cuatro álgebras de división, los cuales pueden ser construidos como los espacios cocientes por la relación de equivalencia que identifica los puntos de una misma recta vectorial en los tres primeros casos. Esta construcción no es factible en el caso octoniónico, por lo cual desarrollaremos una construcción adecuada de su correspondiente plano proyectivo (también conocido como plano de Cayley). Explicaremos también la relación existente entre ciertas propiedades algebraicas de un álgebra de división normada y los teoremas de Pappus y Desargues de la geometría plana sobre dicha álgebra. Finalmente estudiaremos las propiedades básicas de dos grupos de Lie excepcionales con gran presencia en problemas geométricos, los grupos G2 y F4, siendo necesaria una breve presentación de las álgebras de Clifford y los grupos spin y pin.
The main aim of this text is to study of the cuaternions and octonions as normed division algebras, as well as some of their properties. Normed division algebras will be studied by the Cayley-Dickson’s construction process from algebras provided with non-degenerated scalar products of arbitrary signature, particularizing then on the positive signature case, obtaining the algebras of the real numbers, the complex numbers, the cuaternions and the octonions. Using Hurwitz’s theorem, we will justify the non-existence of other real normed division algebras. After this, the projective spaces over these four division algebras will be briefly studied. These projective spaces can be constructed as quotient spaces with the equivalence relation that identifies the points on the same vectorial line in the first three cases. This construction is not possible in the octonionic case, so an appropiate construction will be given for its projective plane (also known as Cayley plane). We will also explain the relation between certain algebraic properties of a normed division algebra and the Pappus and Desargues theorems of plane geometry over such algebra. Finally, we will study the basic properties of two exceptional Lie groups with great presence in geometric problems, the G2 and F4 groups, and for this we will give a short introduction to Clifford algebras and to spin and pin groups
The main aim of this text is to study of the cuaternions and octonions as normed division algebras, as well as some of their properties. Normed division algebras will be studied by the Cayley-Dickson’s construction process from algebras provided with non-degenerated scalar products of arbitrary signature, particularizing then on the positive signature case, obtaining the algebras of the real numbers, the complex numbers, the cuaternions and the octonions. Using Hurwitz’s theorem, we will justify the non-existence of other real normed division algebras. After this, the projective spaces over these four division algebras will be briefly studied. These projective spaces can be constructed as quotient spaces with the equivalence relation that identifies the points on the same vectorial line in the first three cases. This construction is not possible in the octonionic case, so an appropiate construction will be given for its projective plane (also known as Cayley plane). We will also explain the relation between certain algebraic properties of a normed division algebra and the Pappus and Desargues theorems of plane geometry over such algebra. Finally, we will study the basic properties of two exceptional Lie groups with great presence in geometric problems, the G2 and F4 groups, and for this we will give a short introduction to Clifford algebras and to spin and pin groups
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