Teoría de punto fixo e aplicacións ás ecuacións diferenciais
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A teoría de punto fixo ten demostrado ser unha rama das matemáticas que conta con moito potencial para a resolución de múltiples problemas en análise non linear, tales como a proba de existencia, unicidade ou multiplicidade de solución de ecuacións tanto integrais como diferenciais. Os conceptos de grao topolóxico e índice de punto fixo son de gran utilidade para a proba de diversos resultados que poden encadrarse dentro desta teoría, tales como os teoremas de punto fixo de Brouwer e Schauder, o de Krasnoselskii en conos, ou o de Legget-Williams polo que se establecen condicións para a existencia de múltiples puntos deste tipo. Neste traballo fin de grao, preséntase, en primeiro lugar, unha pormenorizada introdución ós conceptos de grao topolóxico e índice de punto fixo, así como ás súas propiedades. Seguidamente, móstranse resultados da teoría de punto fixo que poden ser probados con axuda dos mesmos e finalmente, utilízase parte da teoría desenvolta para a busca de condicións suficientes para a existencia de solución dun problema de fronteira con condicións tipo Dirichlet e ecuación diferencial de segunda orde.
Fixed-point theory has proven to be a branch of mathematics with great potential for solving multiple problems in nonlinear analysis, such as proving the existence, uniqueness, or multiplicity of solutions to both integral and differential equations. The concepts of topological degree and fixed-point index are highly useful for proving various results that can be framed within this theory, such as Brouwer’s and Schauder’s fixed point theorems, Krasnoselskii’s theorem in cones, or the Legget-Willams’ theorem which establishes conditions for the existence of multiple fixed points of this kind. In this bachelor thesis, first, a detailed introduction to the concepts of topological degree and fixed-point index and their properties is presented. Then, results of the fixed-point theory that can be proven with the help of these concepts is shown. Finally, part of the developed theory is used to search for sufficient conditions for the existence of solution for a boundary value problem with Dirichlet-type conditions of a second-order differential equation.
Fixed-point theory has proven to be a branch of mathematics with great potential for solving multiple problems in nonlinear analysis, such as proving the existence, uniqueness, or multiplicity of solutions to both integral and differential equations. The concepts of topological degree and fixed-point index are highly useful for proving various results that can be framed within this theory, such as Brouwer’s and Schauder’s fixed point theorems, Krasnoselskii’s theorem in cones, or the Legget-Willams’ theorem which establishes conditions for the existence of multiple fixed points of this kind. In this bachelor thesis, first, a detailed introduction to the concepts of topological degree and fixed-point index and their properties is presented. Then, results of the fixed-point theory that can be proven with the help of these concepts is shown. Finally, part of the developed theory is used to search for sufficient conditions for the existence of solution for a boundary value problem with Dirichlet-type conditions of a second-order differential equation.
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