La aberración en la astronomía
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[ES] La aberración de la luz, junto con otros fenómenos atmosféricos, provoca desplazamientos
en las posiciones aparentes de los cuerpos celestes en la esfera celeste. En este trabajo
nos centraremos en el estudio de este fenómeno, así como de los distintos tipos de aberraciones
que existen: planetaria y estelar, conformada por la aberración anual, la aberración
diurna y la aberración secular.
Haremos una breve contextualización histórica explicando como James Bradley descubrió
dicho fenómeno. Analizaremos los desplazamientos en las posiciones de los astros
debidos a la aberración anual y a la aberración diurna. Estudiaremos las distintas utilidades
del fenómeno, entre las que cabe destacar como James Bradley consiguió dar una
aproximación, bastante exacta para la época, de la velocidad de la luz. Por último resolveremos
dos ejemplos prácticos: con el primero veremos como la aberración anual nos permite
conocer la trayectoria que describen los astros en la esfera celeste a lo largo de un año y en
el otro veremos como influye la aberración diurna en la observación de distintas estrellas
vistas desde Melide el 15 de junio de 2021.
[EN] Light aberration, together with other atmospheric phenomena, causes shifts in the apparent positions of celestial bodies on the celestial sphere. In this work we will focus on the study of this phenomenon, as well as the different types of aberrations that exist: planetary and stellar, made up of annual aberration, diurnal aberration and secular aberration. We will make a brief historical contextualisation explaining how James Bradley discovered this phenomenon. We will analyse the shifts in the positions of the stars due to annual aberration and diurnal aberration. We will study the different uses of the phenomenon, including how James Bradley managed to give an approximation, quite accurate for the time, of the speed of light. Finally, we will solve two practical examples: in first one we will see how the annual aberration allows us to know the trajectory that the stars describe in the celestial sphere throughout a year and in the other one we will see how the diurnal aberration influences the observation of different stars seen from Melide on June 15, 2021.
[EN] Light aberration, together with other atmospheric phenomena, causes shifts in the apparent positions of celestial bodies on the celestial sphere. In this work we will focus on the study of this phenomenon, as well as the different types of aberrations that exist: planetary and stellar, made up of annual aberration, diurnal aberration and secular aberration. We will make a brief historical contextualisation explaining how James Bradley discovered this phenomenon. We will analyse the shifts in the positions of the stars due to annual aberration and diurnal aberration. We will study the different uses of the phenomenon, including how James Bradley managed to give an approximation, quite accurate for the time, of the speed of light. Finally, we will solve two practical examples: in first one we will see how the annual aberration allows us to know the trajectory that the stars describe in the celestial sphere throughout a year and in the other one we will see how the diurnal aberration influences the observation of different stars seen from Melide on June 15, 2021.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Matemáticas. Curso 2020-2021
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