Síndrome confusional agudo en el adulto mayor
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SCA (Síndrome Confusional Agudo) o Delirium: es uno de los síndromes cognitivos que más afecta al paciente anciano frágil. El envejecimiento poblacional, ha conducido a que la atención hospitalaria moderna concentre cada vez mayor cantidad de adultos mayores portadoras de diversas condiciones crónicas, que requieren de una atención integral y especializada.
Esta entidad constituye una emergencia médica que no se trata adecuadamente. Las cifras epidemiológicas nos alertan de haberse convertido en una problemática entre los clínicos, por su dimensión multicausal y de abordaje terapéutico tardío.
El SCA se entiende por un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico que cursa con una alteración transitoria del estado mental, caracterizado por una serie de manifestaciones clínicas, principalmente a nivel de la conciencia y la atención. De aparición aguda (en horas y días) y de curso fluctuante, con alternancia de intervalos lúcidos diurnos y empeoramiento nocturno. Además, pueden verse afectadas otras áreas como la del lenguaje, el pensamiento, la memoria, la percepción, el ciclo sueño-vigilia o la orientación. Suele ser la manifestación de una alteración orgánica subyacente, aunque en la mayoría de los casos su origen es multifactorial. (1)
Un ejemplo que nos puede ayudar a situarnos es “el curso de una infección de orina”, “secundario a fractura de cadera”, comportándose como una manifestación atípica, un síntoma, que nos obliga a buscar la causa de la enfermedad base desencadenante.
Existen pocos estudios y datos epidemiológicos a nivel de AP, relacionados principalmente con el régimen institucional y la hospitalización. Las cifras de incidencia y prevalencia son muy variables, dependen de varios factores como de la población a estudiar y/o tipo de régimen asistencial, método diagnóstico y de las comorbilidades que puedan surgir y el proceso de cuidados, entre otros.
Este comportamiento ensombrece el pronóstico y retrasa el tratamiento. Tiene un importante efecto sobre la salud individual, incrementándose las tasas de morbimortalidad, la estancia hospitalaria y, por tanto, los costos sanitarios.
Through the following literature review we will define one of the main geriatric clinical syndromes in people over 65 years of age. Delirium or Acute Confusional Syndrome (ACS). ACS (Acute Confusional Syndrome) or Delirium: is one of the cognitive syndromes that most affects the vulnerable elderly patient. The ageing of the population has led to modern hospital care concentrating an increasing number of older adults with various chronic conditions that require comprehensive and specialised care. This entity constitutes a medical emergency that is not adequately treated. Epidemiological figures alert us to the fact that it has become a problem among clinicians, due to its complex multi-causal dimension and delayed therapeutic approach. It is understood as a neuropsychiatric disorder with a transient alteration of the mental state, characterised by a series of clinical manifestations, mainly at the level of consciousness and attention. It has an acute onset (within hours and days) and a fluctuating course, with alternating lucid intervals during the day and worsening at night. In addition, language, thinking, memory, perception, the sleep-wake cycle or orientation may be affected. It is usually the manifestation of an underlying organic disorder, although in most cases its origin is multifactorial. (1) An example that can help us to situate ourselves is "the course of a urinary tract infection" or "secondary to hip fracture", behaving as an atypical manifestation, a symptom, or which itself forces us to look for the cause of the underlying triggering disease. There are few studies and epidemiological data at the PC level, being mainly related to the institutional regime and hospitalisation. Incidence and prevalence figures are highly variable, depending on various factors such as the population to be studied and/or type of care regime, diagnostic method and the comorbidities that may arise and the care process, among others. This behaviour clouds prognosis and delays treatment, has a significant effect on individual health, increasing morbidity and mortality rates and healthcare costs. Therefore, it also suggests an increase in hospital stay and institutionalisation to maintain their care.
Through the following literature review we will define one of the main geriatric clinical syndromes in people over 65 years of age. Delirium or Acute Confusional Syndrome (ACS). ACS (Acute Confusional Syndrome) or Delirium: is one of the cognitive syndromes that most affects the vulnerable elderly patient. The ageing of the population has led to modern hospital care concentrating an increasing number of older adults with various chronic conditions that require comprehensive and specialised care. This entity constitutes a medical emergency that is not adequately treated. Epidemiological figures alert us to the fact that it has become a problem among clinicians, due to its complex multi-causal dimension and delayed therapeutic approach. It is understood as a neuropsychiatric disorder with a transient alteration of the mental state, characterised by a series of clinical manifestations, mainly at the level of consciousness and attention. It has an acute onset (within hours and days) and a fluctuating course, with alternating lucid intervals during the day and worsening at night. In addition, language, thinking, memory, perception, the sleep-wake cycle or orientation may be affected. It is usually the manifestation of an underlying organic disorder, although in most cases its origin is multifactorial. (1) An example that can help us to situate ourselves is "the course of a urinary tract infection" or "secondary to hip fracture", behaving as an atypical manifestation, a symptom, or which itself forces us to look for the cause of the underlying triggering disease. There are few studies and epidemiological data at the PC level, being mainly related to the institutional regime and hospitalisation. Incidence and prevalence figures are highly variable, depending on various factors such as the population to be studied and/or type of care regime, diagnostic method and the comorbidities that may arise and the care process, among others. This behaviour clouds prognosis and delays treatment, has a significant effect on individual health, increasing morbidity and mortality rates and healthcare costs. Therefore, it also suggests an increase in hospital stay and institutionalisation to maintain their care.
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Traballo Fin de Grao en Enfermaría. Curso 2021-2022
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