Estudo dos cambios na actividade eléctrica cerebral asociados ao declive na memoria de traballo visoespacial, no envellecemento san e no deterioro cognitivo leve

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[GL] O deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) é un estadio intermedio entre o envellecemento san e o que cursa con demencia. No presente estudo seleccionáronse dous grupos de participantes (Control san e DCL) nos que se estudaron os cambios na conduta e na actividade eléctrica cerebral ante unha tarefa de memoria de traballo (MT) visoespacial, con tres niveis de dificultade (fácil, intermedia e difícil), determinada pola cantidade de items a codificar en MT. Os obxectivos principais foron a obtención dos índices condutuais e psicofisiolóxicos do procesamento da información na fase de codificación en MT, e a comprobación da existencia de diferenzas nestes índices entre o grupo control (envellecemento san) e o grupo con DCL. Nos parámetros condutuais observáronse incrementos coa idade nos tempos de reacción, así como diferenzas entre o grupo DCL e o Control, con un menor porcentaxe de acertos no primeiro, o que indica que a idade cursa cunha lentificación dos procesos atencionais e de MT nos dous grupos e que o grupo con DCL mostra unha menor eficiencia nos procesos de MT. En canto ós compoñentes dos potenciais evocados (PE) estudados, observáronse P1, P2, N2 e P300 nos dous grupos; pero non se atopou ningunha diferenza significativa entre grupos, nas amplitudes nin nas latencias deses compoñentes, o que contrasta cos estudos previos revisados. Discútese que a ausencia de efecto Grupo nos parámetros dos PE podería deberse a que o protocolo de preprocesado dos datos EEG foi moi riguroso na eliminación dos artefactos; por outra, os criterios de exclusión dos datos EEG en canto a número mínimo de épocas válidas de cada categoría, contribuíu a unha redución drástica do tamaño da mostra.

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Traballo Fin de Grao en Psicoloxía. Curso 2017-2018

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[EN] Mild Cognitive Impairment is an intermediate stage between healthy ageing and ageing with dementia. Two groups of participants (healthy control group and MCI) were selected for this study in which behavioural changes and brain electrical activity were studied utilising a visual-spatial working memory task with three difficulty levels: easy, intermediate and difficult, which were determined by the number of codified items in the working memory task. The key objectives were obtaining the behavioural and psycho-physiological indexes of information processing in the codification stage of the working memory task, and the verification of the existence of differences in these indexes between the control group and the MCI group. In the behavioral parameters, age-related increases were observed in reaction times, as well as differences between the MCI group and the control group, with a lower percentage of accuracy in the first group, which indicates that ageing entails a slowdown of attention processes and working memory in both groups, with the MCI group showing a lower efficiency in the WM processes.As regards the components of the event-related potentials that were studied, P1, P2, N2 and P300 were observed in both groups; but no significant differences were noted, neither in the amplitude nor in the latency of these components between the groups that were studied, which contrasts with the previously reviewed studies. It is discussed that the absence of the group effect in the ERP could be due to the fact that the reprocessing protocol of EEG data was strict in the removal of the artefacts; on the other hand, the deferral criteria of EEG data in terms of a minimum number of valid trials in each category, contributed to a drastic reduction of the size of the sample.

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