Patoloxía Animal

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Associations between food group intake and serum levels of selenium and other essential and toxic trace elements in adults
(Springer, 2026-02-28) Rivas, Inés; Miranda Castañón, Marta Inés; Herrero Latorre, Carlos; Monte Secades, Rafael; López Alonso, María Marta; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición e Bromatoloxía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Investigación do Medio Acuático para Unha Saúde Global (iARCUS); Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Purpose: To examine how the habitual consumption of major food groups is related to serum concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements in adults and to identify key dietary predictors of adequate status. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 465 healthy adults (Galicia, Spain; 2020–2022) completed a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; foods were categorised in 13 groups. Fasting serum concentrations of 14 trace elements were measured by ICP-MS. Group differences across element tertiles (clinical categories for selenium) were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Random Forest (RF) models were constructed to evaluate multivariate dietary predictors for each element. Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression were used to identify food group predictors of adequate (> 90 µg/L) vs. non-adequate selenium. Results: Seafood intake was positively associated with serum selenium concentrations and strongly tracked serum arsenic and mercury concentrations. Dairy, fruit and meat were also included in the RF models. Seafood ranked among the top three RF predictors for 13/14 elements; dairy ranked in all models. Logistic regression indicated higher odds of adequate selenium with greater seafood intake (OR 1.009; 95% CI 1.003–1.015; p = 0.007) and inverse associations with oil (OR 0.947; p = 0.018) and grains (OR 0.992; p = 0.036); positive trends in legume and nut consumption were identified. Individuals with adequate selenium reported consumption of ~ 4 fish servings/week. Conclusion: Integrating dietary and biomarker data revealed selenium to be the most vulnerable micronutrient. Promoting regular consumption of fish (and possibly nuts) while moderating high-oil/high-grain intake may enhance selenium without exceeding toxic metal reference limits.
Reference intervals for serum macro- and microminerals in clinically healthy horses in Northwestern Spain: Influence of age, sex, breed and diet
(Elsevier, 2026-05) Fernández Villa, Candela; Miranda Castañón, Marta Inés; Rigueira Rey, Lucas; Martínez Vicente, Lidia; Villanueva Santamarina, Blanca Lidia; Freire Lata, S.; López Alonso, María Marta; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Background Serum mineral concentrations are key indicators of nutritional status, metabolic function and health in horses; however, contemporary reference intervals (RI) derived from large, well-characterised populations remain scarce. Objectives To establish serum RI for macro- and microminerals in clinically healthy horses in Northwestern Spain and to evaluate the influence of sex, age, breed and diet on mineral status. Methods Blood samples were collected from clinically healthy horses (n = 211), and serum concentrations of essential macrominerals (calcium [Ca]; phosphorous [P]; magnesium [Mg]; sodium [Na], potassium [K] and sulphur [S]) and microminerals (cobalt [Co]; copper [Cu]; iron [Fe]; iodine [I]; manganese [Mn]; molybdenum [Mo]; selenium [Se] and zinc [Zn]) were determined using precise, accurate multielement techniques (Inductively Coupled Plasma: ICP-OES and ICP-MS). Results Reference intervals were established for all minerals in accordance with the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) C28-A3 guidelines. Biological factors (age, sex, breed) contributed minimally to variability in concentrations, with extensive overlap between groups, indicating partitioning was unnecessary. Diet significantly influenced the concentrations of several elements, particularly Se; pasture-fed horses had lower levels of this element, often close to the lower limit of the RI, than horses receiving commercial concentrate diets. Conclusions This study provides robust serum RI for macro- and microminerals in horses, providing valuable data for clinical assessment, nutritional monitoring and research on mineral metabolism.
Evaluation of Fungal Parasitic Activity Under Field Conditions: A Soil Simulation Test
(MDPI, 2026-04-13) Magos Amado, Carlos Emiliano; Zubiria Ibarguren, Izaro; Hernández Malagón, José Ángel; Sanchís Polto, Jaime; Paz Silva, Adolfo; González Cerón, Fernando; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Several species of saprophytic filamentous fungi are able of disrupting the life cycle of certain soil-born parasites that are of veterinary and agronomy importance, offering a promising sustainable control alternative. This study consisted of designing an experimental model, using catnip (Nepeta cataria) trays to simulate a vegetated environment for evaluating the parasiticidal activity of Mucor circinelloides, Trichoderma atrobrunneum, and Duddingtonia flagrans. Fungal spores were added to treated trays before adding feces with protozoan (Eimeria spp.), and gastrointestinal nematodes (roundworms, strongyles), and untreatedcontrol water. No differences in plant growth or vigor, regardless of fungal presence, were observed, confirming the safety of these biological agents for vegetation. In the control trays, the viability of parasites ranged from 50% to 85%. In the treated trays, the viability of Eimeria and roundworms decreased by 40–100%, and the strongyle egg counts were reduced by 74% within 15 days. It is concluded that the vegetated tray model effectively simulates field conditions and provides a reliable platform for evaluating fungal efficacy against the free-living stages of parasites, offering a versatile tool for future research on soil-borne pathogens affecting animals and plants.
Exploring the Use of Helminthophagous Fungi in the Control of Helminthoses in Horses: A Review
(MDPI, 2025-03-18) Carmo, Tábata Alves; Fonseca, Júlia dos Santos; Braga, Fabio Ribeiro; Paz Silva, Adolfo; Soutello, Ricardo Velludo Gomes de; Araújo, Jackson Victor de; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
With the increase in parasite resistance to anthelmintics in horses, it is becoming essential to look for new approaches to helminth control. Helminths not only cause health problems in horses but also generate economic losses. One promising solution is the use of helminthophagous fungi, which act on the larvae and eggs of parasites. These fungi can be incorporated into horse feed, helping to reduce infestations on pasture. This review explores the potential of these fungi as an effective and sustainable tool for controlling worms in horses, promoting animal health and environmental protection.
Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Enhancing In Vitro Fertilization in Animal Reproduction
(MDPI, 2026-03-18) Gałęska, Elżbieta; Kowalczyk, Alicja; Samardžija, Marko; Gračner, Gregurić Gordana; Wrzecinska, Marcjanna; Araujo, Jose Pedro; Hernández Malagón, José Ángel; Camiña García, María Mercedes; Czerniawska-Piatkowska, Ewa; Dobrzanski, Zbigniew; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Nanotechnology, based on nanoparticles, has become an emerging interdisciplinary tool in reproductive biotechnology, offering innovative opportunities to improve fertilization efficiency and reproductive performance in farm animals. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated synthesis of current research on nanoparticle-based approaches that enhance in vitro fertilization outcomes and other assisted reproductive technologies. The focus is on the biological mechanisms, potential benefits, and limitations of nanoparticle use in animal reproduction. Nanoparticles—including gold, silver, zinc oxide, selenium, and magnetic iron oxide—exhibit distinctive physicochemical properties that enable targeted interactions with gametes and reproductive cells. When used in semen extenders or culture media, nanoparticles improve sperm motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, and reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis. These effects contribute to enhanced fertilization rates and higher embryo developmental competence. In addition, nanoparticles can function as carriers for hormones, antioxidants, and growth factors, stabilizing reagents essential for oocyte maturation, sperm capacitation, and early embryo culture. The review also discusses nanopurification (selectively isolating and removing particles) and nanosorting (separating or organizing nanoscale objects) techniques that allow for non-invasive selection of viable gametes, and fluorescence- and magnet-assisted sorting systems that increase precision in sperm sexing. The mechanical aspects of nanoparticle–cell interactions are analyzed, emphasizing the influence of particle size, dose, and surface modification on both biological efficacy and cytotoxicity. Safety, toxicological concerns, and regulatory frameworks—including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and European Commission recommendations—are critically reviewed to highlight the need for harmonized biocompatibility criteria. Although nanoparticle use in animal reproduction remains largely experimental, accumulated evidence demonstrates its potential to improve reproductive efficiency and reduce economic losses. Integrating nanoparticle-based systems with existing reproduction platforms may represent a transformative step toward sustainable and precision-driven livestock breeding.
First evidence of Lawsonia intracellularis detection in air from commercial swine farms
(Elsevier, 2025-12-04) López-Lorenzo, Gonzalo; Carvajal, Ana María; Benito, Alfredo Ángel; Prieto Lago, Alberto; Melero, M.; Fernández Rodríguez, Gonzalo; Díaz Cao, José Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
Lawsonia intracellularis is the etiological agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), a major enteric disease present in most swine herds worldwide. PPE expression is influenced by several factors, making continuous surveillance essential to minimize its impact. This study evaluated the feasibility and diagnostic performance of environmental sampling for the detection of L. intracellularis in commercial swine farms with subclinical and PPE infections. Three farms (A–C) were included: Farms A and B exhibited subclinical infection, while Farm C was affected by a PPE outbreak. Longitudinal sampling included serum, fecal swabs, air and surface samples from 10 to 11 to 17–18 weeks of age. Serology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to monitor infection and quantify L. intracellularis loads. L. intracellularis infection was confirmed in all three farms using standard diagnostic methods. DNA of L. intracellularis was consistently detected in air and surface samples, with distinct temporal patterns across farms. In subclinical infected herds, early low-level detection in air and surface samples preceded widespread shedding, which was subsequently reflected in increased seroprevalence. In the PPE affected farm, high seropositivity and fecal shedding were observed during the outbreak, followed by a gradual decline. These dynamics were also mirrored by the quantity of L. intracellularis DNA detected both in air and surfaces over time. These findings demonstrate that environmental monitoring via air and surface sampling is might be a possible tool in the future to predict infection dynamic under both subclinical and clinical PPE conditions, providing a complementary method for the early detection and surveillance of L. intracellularis
Beyond stabilization: prevalence, risk factors and molecular identification of rumen flukes in cattle from Northwestern Spain
(BioMed Central, 2025-10-02) García-Dios, David; Díaz Fernández, Pablo; Remesar Alonso, Susana; Fernández González, Carlota; Martínez Calabuig, Néstor; Saldaña Ruiz, Ana; Panadero Fontán, Rosario; Morrondo Pelayo, María Patrocinio; López Sández, Ceferino Manuel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
Background An upward trend of paramphistomid prevalence was detected in domestic ruminants from Europe in the last decades. Nevertheless, recent data from Ireland, which reports the highest prevalences in Europe, suggests that this trend may be stabilizing. This study analysed the current epidemiological situation of rumen fluke infections in cattle from northwestern Spain, focusing on two regions: Galicia, where increasing prevalences were reported, and Asturias, where data is limited. Between 2018 and 2022, 3,095 faecal samples from 137 farms were analysed using sedimentation coproscopical technique. Risk factor analysis was conducted through mixed logistic regression and ANOVA; paramphistomid species were molecularly identified. Results High individual (51.2%; 95% CI: 49.4–53.0) and herd (81.8%; 95% CI: 74.1–87.6) prevalences were found, representing the highest recorded prevalence of paramphistomid infections in cattle from Spain. The risk of being infected significantly increased with age, being lower in cattle aged 1–24 months than in those 25–60 months-old (OR 5.8) or older than 60 months (OR 17.1). Prevalence was significantly higher in Asturias (OR 11.4) and in animals co-infected with Fasciola hepatica (OR 13.1). Animals from farms without slurry scrapers also showed significantly higher prevalences (OR 76.9), which may be related to less professionalization. Egg shedding intensity was notably higher in older animals and those co-infected with F. hepatica as well as in farms from coastal areas and using extensive management. Calicophoron daubneyi was the only species detected. Conclusions Our findings reveal a continued upward trend in rumen fluke prevalence in cattle from north-western Spain, suggesting that a stabilization of prevalence is not occurring. The study highlights that surveillance, farmer education, and integrated control measures are highly recommended in north-western Spain, especially in Asturias, where infection rates are particularly high.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Relationship between Reproductive Performance and the Presence of Antibodies against Coxiellosis in Dairy Farm Milk Tanks in the Northwest of Spain
(MDPI, 2024-01-23) Yáñez, Uxía; Álvarez Torres, Jacobo; Pisón, Cristina; Acción Carro, Antía; Becerra González, Juan José; García Herradón, Pedro José; Peña Martínez, Ana Isabel; Prieto Lago, Alberto; Díaz Cao, José Manuel; Quintela Arias, Luis Ángel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
Q fever is an infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii that can affect both humans and animals. Given its consequences and the lack of epidemiological data published about its distribution and risk factors, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii at dairy farms in the northwest of Spain, identify which risk factors favor its occurrence, and the consequences on reproductive performance at the farm level. Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 262 farms and analyzed to identify antibodies against this bacterium. Additionally, data about potential risk factors and reproductive performance were obtained. A total of 60.1% of the farms tested positive for coxiellosis, and the main risk factors were the herd size, the purchase of livestock, and the geographical area. Additionally, conception rate and first-service conception rates were lower in positive farms, which also tended to have higher incidence of reproductive disorders after calving.
Reference Intervals for Trace Elements in Canine Plasma
(MDPI, 2026-01-15) Larrán Franco, Belén; López Alonso, María Marta; Miranda Castañón, Marta Inés; Suárez Rey, María Luisa; Orjales Galdo, Inmaculada; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
Trace elements are essential for organisms, and their involvement in diverse diseases is increasingly recognised. Interest is increasing in veterinary medicine, particularly in relation to canine diseases. However, reference intervals for trace elements in dogs remain scarce. Plasma samples from 140 dogs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the levels of 13 trace elements. Reference intervals (µg/L) were established for the following 12 elements: As, 0.417–8.17; Co, 0.039–1.33; Cr, 2.41–13.3; Cu, 296–790; Fe, 846–3643; Hg, 0.235–2.33; Ni, 0.567–9.04; Mn, 1.90–7.28; Mo, 1.43–12.7; Pb, 0.285–2.82; Se, 200–434; and Zn, 415–1095. However, Cd was below the limit of quantification in 77% of the samples. No differences in trace element concentrations were observed in relation to breed or reproductive status. Statistically significant differences were found in relation to sex (Cu, Mo, Zn), age (Co, Cu, Mo, Mn, Se, Zn), and size (Cu, Mo, Se, Zn); however, the magnitude of these effects varied among elements and was generally weak. Nevertheless, these factors should be considered when assessing trace element status. These reference intervals constitute an important resource for both clinical evaluation and future research.
A Prospective Study of the Prevalence and Predictive Risk Factors of Repeat Breeder Syndrome in Dairy Cattle in the North of Spain
(MDPI, 2025-01-18) L. Villar, Sofía; Pérez Marin, Carlos C.; Álvarez Torres, Jacobo; Acción, Antía; Barrionuevo, Renato; Becerra González, Juan José; Peña Martínez, Ana Isabel; García Herradón, Pedro José; Quintela Arias, Luis Ángel; Yáñez, Uxía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
The study addresses repeat breeder syndrome (RB), a significant reproductive issue in dairy cattle, where cows fail to conceive after three or more inseminations despite appearing healthy. The research aimed to identify risk factors contributing to RB in primiparous (first-time calving) and multiparous (multiple calvings) cows on dairy farms in northern Spain. Analyzing 2370 cows, the study identified critical risk factors such as body condition loss, reproductive pathologies (e.g., dystocia, endometritis), metabolic disorders (e.g., ketosis), lameness, and mastitis. For multiparous cows, delaying the first insemination postpartum reduced the RB risk. Seasonal effects showed fewer cases when calving occurred in summer or autumn. The findings suggest that addressing these factors through improved management, health monitoring, and breeding practices can enhance reproductive efficiency, lower costs, and support animal welfare. Therefore, reducing RB prevalence contributes to sustainable dairy farming and supports societal concerns about food production’s economic and environmental impacts.
Metabolic and productive responses to heat stress in transition dairy cows: Interactions with calving stage, season, and farm management
(Springer, 2026-02-09) Martínez Díez, Elena Niceas; Castillo Rodríguez, Cristina; Avendaño Reyes, L.; Muiño Otero, Rodrigo; Díaz González, L.; Benedito Castellote, José Luis; Hernández Bermúdez, Joaquín; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
This study investigated the effects of heat stress (HS), calving period, and farm-level management on the metabolic and productive responses of transition dairy cows. Conducted on three commercial farms in northwestern Spain, the study employed a multifactorial design across two seasons (winter and summer) and four peripartum time points. Biochemical parameters, including non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), urea, total protein, albumin, glucose, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) were analyzed using repeated-measures MANOVA. No significant three-way interactions were found, but several two-way interactions emerged. Notably, NEFA and urea levels varied significantly between farms, while total protein and albumin were influenced by both partum stage and season. Elevated NEFA and BHB concentrations postpartum indicated intensified lipid mobilization and negative energy balance, exacerbated under HS. Reduced albumin and increased urea levels suggested hepatic stress and altered protein metabolism. Farm-specific differences in ASAT during summer highlighted the role of local environmental and management conditions. These findings underscore the complex interplay between physiological stage, environmental stressors, and farm practices. Tailored intervention (such as nutritional adjustments, cooling systems, and precision monitoring) are essential to mitigate the metabolic burden of HS and safeguard cow health and productivity. Future research should explore long-term impacts and adaptive strategies across diverse production systems.
Consumer knowledge and attitudes towards microalgae as food: The case of Spain
(Elsevier, 2021-01-05) Lafarga Poyo, Tomás; Rodríguez Bermúdez, Ruth; Morillas España, Ainoa; Villaró Cos, Silvia; García Vaquero, Marco; Morán Lobato, Lara; Sánchez Zurano, Ana; González López, Cynthia Victoria; Acién Fernández, Francisco Gabriel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
Spanish consumers' knowledge and attitudes towards microalgae as food were assessed using a specific questionnaire - a total of 3084 Spanish consumers over 18 years old were considered in the current study. Overall, the questionnaire revealed that there is a huge lack of knowledge on basic aspects of microalgae, especially within the youngest respondents (18–24 years old) and for those aged over 65 years old. Approximately 85% of all respondents scored the statement “There is a big lack of information about microalgae” with either 4 or 5 (using a 5-point hedonic scale), demonstrating that microalgae and their potential applications are unknown to the majority of the Spanish population. Spanish consumers consider microalgae as: (i) sustainable and environmentally friendly, (ii) nutritious and healthy, and (iii) safe, which is of key importance for food products. The main reasons that were given for not consuming microalgae were lack of information available on the product and lack of consuming habit. The current study also demonstrated that increasing consumer's knowledge on microalgae has the potential to increase consumer choice and market shares of microalgae-enriched products. Results reported herein could be extrapolated to other European countries, although perception and attitudes towards food can vary depending on cultural considerations
Preliminary applications of infrared thermography for detecting lameness in dairy cattle
(Paradigm, 2025-08-29) Álvarez, Jacobo; Holgado, Raquel; Vidal, Lucía; Acción Carro, Antía; Barrionuevo, Renato; González, Román; Yáñez, Uxía; Becerra González, Juan José; Peña Martínez, Ana Isabel; García Herradón, Pedro José; Quintela Arias, Luis Ángel; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
This study investigated the potential use of infrared thermography (IRT) as a routine tool for the early diagnosis of laminitis in dairy cows, with a long-term goal of automating the method. The specific study objectives were as follows: (1) to establish any relationship between the maximum temperature (MT) of the coronary band and locomotion scores (LS); (2) to correlate the MT of different hoof regions (sole, interdigital space and coronary band) with lameness diseases; and (3) to assess whether parity influences hoof temperature. Thermal images of hind feet of 368 cows were captured with an infrared camera. Coronary band MTs were significantly higher in cows with LS ≥3 (cranial [CR] = 34.15 ± 2.07°C, caudal [CD] = 32.48 ± 3.02°C) than in cows with LS = 1 (CR = 32.13 ± 4.72°C, CD = 30.09 ± 5.81°C). Parity significantly influenced MTs, with lower temperatures recorded across all hoof regions in multiparous cows (≥3 calvings) than in primiparous cows. Additionally, hoof MTs were higher in cows with interdigital dermatitis (CR = 32.17 ± 2.24°C, CD = 30.66 ± 3.67°C, sole = 26.91 ± 2.48°C, interdigital space = 33.83 ± 2.40°C) than in healthy cows. These findings support the use of IRT to identify early signs of lameness and highlight the need for further research to enable automated thermographic monitoring in dairy herds.
Runs of Homozygosity Islands in Autochthonous Spanish Cattle Breeds
(MDPI, 2024-11-15) Hervás-Rivero, Carlos; Mejuto Vázquez, Nicolás; López-Carbonell, David; Altarriba, Juan; Díaz, Clara; Molina, A; Rodríguez Bermúdez, Ruth; Piedrafita, Javier; Baro, Jesús Ángel; Varona, Luis; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
Background/Objectives: Understanding the genetic architecture of autochthonous European cattle breeds is important for developing effective conservation strategies and sustainable breeding programs. Spanish beef cattle, which trace their origins to ancient migrations from the Near East with later admixture from African populations, exhibit a rich genetic diversity shaped by environmental adaptation and selective breeding. Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) are extended stretches of identical genetic material inherited from both parents. They serve as indicators of inbreeding and selection signatures within populations. ROH islands, or regions of the genome where ROH segments are highly concentrated across individuals within a breed, indicate genomic regions under selective pressure. Methods: This study explores the distribution of ROH islands across seven Spanish beef cattle breeds (Asturiana de los Valles, Avileña-Negra Ibérica, Bruna dels Pirineus, Morucha, Retinta, Pirenaica, and Rubia Gallega). By analyzing high-density SNP data, we characterized ROH patterns and identified genomic regions with high levels of homozygosity, which may indicate selection pressures or common ancestry. Results: Our findings revealed breed-specific ROH patterns as well as shared ROH islands, underscoring genetic relationships and differentiation among the breeds. Notably, Morucha displayed the highest number of ROH, while Asturiana de los Valles had the fewest. FROH values, which indicate genomic inbreeding, varied among the breeds, with Morucha and Retinta being associated with higher values. We identified 57 ROH islands, with shared regions among populations that suggest common ancestral selection pressures. Key genes within these regions, like MSTN, are associated with muscle growth, body weight, and fertility. Conclusions: This study offers valuable insights for breeding strategies and conservation efforts, highlighting the genetic diversity and historical background of Spanish cattle breeds.
Days in Milk, Parity and Milk Production Influence on the Hind Hoof Skin Surface Temperature in Dairy Cattle
(MDPI, 2026-01-01) Acción Carro, Antía; Álvarez Torres, Jacobo; Holgado, Raquel; Vidal, Lucía; Barrionuevo, Renato; González, Román; Becerra González, Juan José; Peña Martínez, Ana Isabel; García Herradón, Pedro José; Quintela Arias, Luis Ángel; Yáñez, Uxía; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Prompt identification of clinical signs and early treatment of hoof problems are essential to effectively manage and reduce lameness in dairy farms. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of days in milk (DIM), parity, and milk yield (MY) on the mean temperature (MT) of the hind hooves in healthy cows, with the perspective of implementing infrared thermography (IRT) as an automated tool for early lameness detection. Thermal images were collected from 156 milking cows, capturing both cranial and caudal surfaces of each hind foot. Significant differences were found between primiparous and multiparous cows across all analyzed surfaces. Moreover, cows with higher milk production exhibited significantly higher MT in the caudal left hoof and on both cranial surfaces. The variable DIM (group 1 = cows with ≤202 DIM; group 2 = cows with >202 DIM) did not significantly affect MT on caudal surfaces; however, on the cranial view, MT of the right hoof was higher in group 2, while group 1 tended to show higher MT in the left hoof (p = 0.051). In conclusion, hoof MT increases in multiparous and high-producing cows. Additionally, during the first 200 days of lactation, cranial hoof surface temperatures tend to rise. Future studies should include continuous monitoring using automated systems to record variations throughout the day.
Bridging research and practice using digital twin modeling to mitigate methane emissions across dairy production stages
(Oxford University Press, 2025-10-10) Castillo Rodríguez, Cristina; Muiño Otero, Rodrigo; Benedito Castellote, José Luis; Martínez Díez, Elena Niceas; Varela López, Óscar; Salcedo Díaz, Gregorio; Hernández Bermúdez, Joaquín; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER); Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Veterinaria
This study examined dietary determinants of enteric methane (CH4) emissions in high-yielding Holstein Friesian dairy cows across different physiological stages. Emissions were estimated using the IPCC Tier 2 methodology during peak lactation, the full lactation cycle, and the dry period in two commercial groups with distinct productivity. Group A (38–40 kg milk/day) showed higher peak dry matter intake and fiber content than Group B (32–35 kg milk/day), which had greater ether extract (EE) levels. Peak-lactation CH4 emissions were significantly higher in Group A (P < 0.05), while dry-period values did not differ (P > 0.05). Dietary EE was inversely associated with CH4 output, suggesting a potential mitigation pathway. Phase-specific regression models (adjusted R2 = 0.88–0.93) confirmed diet composition and physiological stage as major drivers of emissions. Digital twin simulations based on these models offer a non-invasive, reproducible tool for predicting emission scenarios, which is particularly valuable in farms where direct measurements are impractical. These findings highlight the feasibility of integrating diet optimization and predictive modeling into herd management strategies, enabling substantial reductions in CH4 emissions while sustaining milk yield and overall productivity in intensive dairy systems.
Assessment of macroalgae and macroalgal extracts as a source of minerals in need of fine-tuning in multiple livestock production systems
(Elsevier, 2024-11-21) Al-Soufi Novo, Sabela; García Alonso, Javier; Muíños, Antonio; Pereira Lestayo, Víctor; Piñeiro Gómez, Verónica; Miranda Castañón, Marta Inés; García Vaquero, Marco; López Alonso, María Marta; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
This study evaluates the levels of macrominerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, S), essential trace elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) and potentially toxic trace elements (Cd, Hg, Pb, As (inorganic and organic)) in seven species of macroalgae and in their extracts. The potential maximum levels of inclusion of macroalgal biomass and extracts in feed were assessed in multiple livestock (swine, ruminant, poultry, leporine and pisciculture). Overall, macroalgae contained high levels of I, reaching its highest levels in S. latissima (4131 mg/kg DM) and L. ochroleuca (2780 mg/kg DM). Arsenic concentrations ranged from 4.10 mg/kg DM in Ulva spp. to 68.9 mg/kg DM in S. latissima. Arsenic was mainly present as arsenosugars, of relatively low toxicity. Extracts had higher macrominerals and I levels, and lower essential and toxic trace elements levels compared to the biomass. Macroalgal biomass and extracts can be added to feed at 1–5 % to fulfill the physiological needs of multiple livestock, being I contents the main factor limiting highest inclusion rates. Inclusion of S. latissima and L. ochroleuca should be limited to 0.72 and 0.66 %, respectively. Maximum level of inclusion of different macroalgal products, as dried biomass or extracts, must be finely tuned. Low levels of inclusion of macroalgae and/or extracts in feed can be considered as an efficient and natural strategy to fulfill the macrominerals and iodine needs of multiple livestock
Toxic and essential trace element concentrations in different tissues of extensively reared sheep in northern Spain
(Elsevier, 2021-03-01) Pereira Lestayo, Víctor; Miranda Castañón, Marta Inés; Sierra, Juan; Benedito Castellote, José Luis; López Alonso, María Marta; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Anatomía, Produción Animal e Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias
Monitoring toxic and trace element concentrations in livestock, particularly in extensive farming systems, is important for obtaining information about the nutritional status of the animals as well as about nutritional value of the meat and the contents of potentially toxic element residues in the meat products. In this study, samples of liver, kidney and muscle (n = 253) were collected at slaughter from sheep reared in the Province of León (northern Spain), and the concentrations of the main toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury) and trace elements (cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium and zinc) were determined by ICP-MS. Overall, the concentrations of the toxic elements were within the ranges determined in other recent monitoring studies in sheep worldwide. They also reflected a similar background level of contamination to that observed for other livestock species reared in extensive production systems in the region. With the exception of cadmium in offal, toxic element residues were below the maximum limits established by the EU and thus do not pose any risk for human consumption. As in many other studies, the maximum levels established for cadmium (1 and 0.5 mg/kg wet weight for kidney and liver respectively) were exceeded in a high proportion of the kidney samples (24.0 %) and in a lower proportion of the liver samples (4.1 %) from adult animals. Essential trace elements concentrations were generally within the adequate–safe range established for sheep and were consistent with recently reported values. The only exception was copper, with concentrations indicating copper disorders in many of the liver samples (8.0 % indicating deficiency and 29.0 % toxicity). The concentrations of copper and its antagonists (molybdenum, iron and zinc) should therefore be carefully regulated in sheep flocks in northern Spain.
Physiological responses and pregnancy rate of black and white Holstein heifers during hot and cold seasons in a desert region
(MDPI, 2025-11-30) Avendaño Reyes, Leonel; Corrales Navarro, Emiliano; Macías Cruz, Ulises; López Baca, María de los Ángeles; Roque Jiménez, José A.; Robinson, Peter H.; Mellado, Miguel; Hernández Bermúdez, Joaquín; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER)
Our aim was to compare certain physiological traits and pregnancy rates in dairy heifers classified by coat color during summer and winter months in a Sonoran Desert region. Sixty Holstein heifers were randomly selected (age and weight of 13.1 ± 0.82 months and 382 ± 5.3 kg) and divided by season (i.e., winter and summer) and hair coat color (i.e., black and white). There were 28 summer heifers (13 black/15 white) and 32 in winter (18 black/14 white). Respiratory frequency (RF) was determined visually, and body surface temperatures (BSTs) of several anatomic regions were collected using thermography at 06:00 and 15:00 h every 3rd day. Furthermore, three blood samples were collected from each heifer in each season to determine hematological profiles and serum analytes (i.e., electrolytes, metabolites, hormones). Reproductive variables were pregnancy rate and services per pregnancy. Ambient temperatures ranged from 25 to 49 ◦C in summer and 3 to 28 ◦C in winter. In summer and winter, RF and most BST were higher (p < 0.05) in black heifers in the morning, while only head, right flank, and loin were higher (p < 0.05) in the afternoon. Cortisol and progesterone concentrations were higher (p < 0.01) in summer, while thyroid hormones were higher (p < 0.05) in winter. Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, and sodium were higher (p < 0.05) in winter. Reproductive traits were unaffected by season or coat color. Although there were some differences in physiological variables and some biochemical parameters by season and coat color, these alterations were not enough to modify reproductive responses of Holstein heifers
Testing a Sustainable Strategy Against Poultry Helminth Stages Developing in the Soil
(MDPI, 2025-11-15) León González, Jorge Alexander; Pérez Anzúrez, Gustavo; Abreu Ramos, Inês; Magos Amado, Carlos Emiliano; Boso Dafonte, David; Lozano, João; Hernández Malagón, José Ángel; Cazapal Monteiro, Cristiana Filipa; Bonilla, Rodrigo; Sanchís, Jaime; Paz Silva, Adolfo; Sánchez-Andrade Fernández, Rita; Carvalho, Luis Manuel Madeira de; Arias Vázquez, María Sol; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Facultade de Veterinaria; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Patoloxía Animal
Free-ranging hens are at risk of infection by parasites characterized by certain stages that develop in the soil until attaining the infective phase. To analyze the usefulness of a biological control strategy of helminths affecting pasturing hens, fecal samples containing eggs of the helminths Ascaridia galli and Capillaria spp. were collected and then homogenized with an electric mixer. A total of 64 small areas were established by placing wooden frames (15 × 40 × 30 cm) on the ground and then adding approximately 100 g of a fecal mixture (per area). Four batches of 16 areas were considered: G1, sprayed with 2 × 106 spores of the parasitophagous fungus Mucor circinelloides (day 0) at 0.5 L/m2 (=600 mL/area); G2, sprayed with spores twice (every two weeks); G3, sprayed four times (every week); and Control, sprayed weekly with water. After a four-week period, the egg viability reduced for ascarids and capillarids (26% and 27%, respectively) in the control group; 64% and 79% in G1; 71% and 82% in G2; and 79% and 80% in G3. It was concluded that spraying with fungal spores provides a very useful tool for preventing infection by helminths on free-range poultry.

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