Otero Lema, MartínGoloviznina, KaterynaVarela Cabo, Luis MiguelSalanne, MathieuMontes-Campos, HadriánServa, Alessandra2025-10-222025-10-222025-08-15Materials Today Energy Volume 53, October 2025, 102018https://hdl.handle.net/10347/43334Protic ionic liquids, PILs, are promising materials for energy storage applications, in part due to their ability to decouple proton transport from ion diffusion. In this work, we model the proton transfer mechanism in 1-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([HEIM][TFSI]) IL by means of Neural Network Force Field simulations. The latter are combined with classical polarizable molecular dynamics simulations to explore the structure and dynamics of the fully ionized system and Density Functional Theory calculations to estimate the energy barriers for the different proton transfer reactions. Our results show that proton transfer is indeed possible when doping the ionic liquid with an excess of deprotonated cations, but not with an excess of protonated anions. We highlight the importance of the formation of dimers between donor and acceptor species for the reaction to occur, and we identify the main driving factor for the reaction to be the energy cost for reaching a suitable coordination environment and form such dimers, which is higher than that for the transfer reaction.eng© 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Proton transferProtic ionic liquidsMolecular dynamicsNeural network force fieldPolarizable force fieldjournal article10.1016/j.mtener.2025.102018open access