Boente Juncal, AndreaRaposo García, SandraVale González, María del CarmenLouzao Ojeda, María del CarmenOtero Fuertes, María PazBotana López, Luis Miguel2020-11-062020-11-062020Boente-Juncal, A.; Raposo-García, S.; Vale, C.; Louzao, M.C.; Otero, P.; Botana, L.M. In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin. Toxins 2020, 12, 489http://hdl.handle.net/10347/23594Palytoxin (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na+-K+ ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for causing human fatal intoxications associated with the consumption of contaminated fish and crustaceans such as crabs, groupers, mackerel, and parrotfish. Human intoxications by PLTX after consumption of contaminated fishery products are a serious health issue and can be fatal. Different reports have previously explored the acute oral toxicity of PLTX in mice. Although the presence of palytoxin in marine products is currently not regulated in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority expressed its opinion on PLTX and demanded assessment for chronic toxicity studies of this potent marine toxin. In this study, the chronic toxicity of palytoxin was evaluated after oral administration to mice by gavage during a 28-day period. After chronic exposure of mice to the toxin, a lethal dose 50 (LD50) of 0.44 µg/kg of PLTX and a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 0.03 µg/kg for repeated daily oral administration of PLTX were determined. These results indicate a much higher chronic toxicity of PLTX and a lower NOAEL than that previously described in shorter treatment periods, pointing out the need to further reevaluate the levels of this compound in marine productseng© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Atribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/PalytoxinMarine toxinsIn vivo toxicityEFSARisk assessmentSodium-potassium ATPaseLD50NOAELjournal article10.3390/toxins120804892072-6651open access