Gil Ugidos, AntonioAlcántara Espinosa, JorgeRubal Otero, LaraMayo Moldes, MónicaSamartin Veiga, NoeliaCarrillo de la Peña, María Teresa2025-12-222025-12-222026-01Gil-Ugidos, A., Alcántara-Espinosa, J., Rubal-Otero, L., Mayo-Moldes, M., Samartin-Veiga, N., & Carrillo-de-la-Peña, M. T. (2026). Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in chronic pain patients: effects on daily-reported symptoms. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine 45(1), 101613.2352-5568https://hdl.handle.net/10347/44663Background Transcranial electrical stimulation has yielded positive results for relieving pain in patients with chronic pain (CP), but the existing evidence is insufficient. In order to address some gaps in the literature, we conducted a randomized, double blind, sham-controlled clinical trial aimed at evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of home-based neurostimulation in a sample of 120 patients. Methods The patients completed 15 self-administered home-based sessions of either transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS, n = 48), transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS, n = 48), or sham stimulation (n = 24). The primary outcome variable, i.e., pain intensity, and related variables were assessed online (using numerical rating scales from 0 to 10) throughout 45 days (pre-treatment, treatment, and post-treatment periods each of 15 days). Results ANOVA (classical and Bayesian frameworks) and time series analysis consistently showed that both tDCS and tACS decreased the patients’ daily reported pain intensity (tDCS: tau = −0.553; p < 0.001; tACS: tau = −0.563; p < 0.001), pain unpleasantness (tDCS: tau = −0.489; p < 0.001; tACS: tau = −0.537; p < 0.001), interference due to pain (tDCS: tau = −0.368; p < 0.001; tACS: tau = −0.424; p < 0.001), and other symptoms such as fatigue (tDCS: tau = −0.255; p = 0.02; tACS: tau = −0.556; p < 0.001) and stress/anxiety (tDCS: tau = −0.245; p = 0.02; tACS: tau = −0.685; p < 0.001). No such improvement was observed in the group receiving the sham stimulation. The home-based treatment was associated with low drop-out rates (6.66%) and moderate satisfaction with the procedure (around 5 out of 10 in all groups), and minimal adverse effects of transcranial electrical stimulation were reported. Conclusions tDCS and tACS significantly reduced daily-reported pain in chronic pain patients. Home-based intervention could significantly reduce the high economic burden associated with chronic pain management in healthcare systems. Inclusion of daily reports assessed by time series analysis can improve clinical trials in the field of chronic paineng© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation (SFAR). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY licenseAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Chronic painTranscranial electrical stimulationClinical trialHome-based interventionTime series analysisjournal article10.1016/j.accpm.2025.101613open access