Santiago-Alonso, AntíaSánchez-Pico, José ManuelSan Emeterio, RaquelVillanueva López, MaríaSalgado Carballo, JosefaParajó Vieito, Juan José2026-01-092026-01-092024-09Santiago-Alonso, A.; Sánchez-Pico, J.M.; Emeterio, R.S.; Villanueva, M.; Salgado, J.; Parajó, J.J. Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as Advanced Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Safer Next Generation Lithium Batteries. Batteries 2024, 10, 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries100903192313-0105https://hdl.handle.net/10347/44989In the current context of increasing energy demand, ionic liquids (ILs) are presented as possible candidates to replace conventional electrolytes and to develop more efficient energy storage devices. The IL 1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been selected for this work, due to the good thermal and chemical stabilities and good electrochemical performance of the pyrrolidinium cation based ILs. Binary mixtures of this IL and lithium salt with the same anion, [TFSI], have been prepared with the aim of assessing them, as possible electrolytes for lithium batteries. These mixtures were thermally and electrochemically characterised through DSC and dielectric spectroscopy studies. The ionic conductivity decreases as the salt concentration increases, finding values ranging between 0.4 S/m and 0.1 S/m at room temperature. Additionally, a wide liquid range was found for the mixtures, which would reduce or even eliminate some of the most common problems of current electrolytes, such as their crystallisation at low temperatures and flammability. Finally, the toxicity of pure IL and the intermediate salt concentration was also evaluated in terms of the bioluminescence inhibition of the Alivibrio Fischeri bacteria, observing that, although the toxicity increases with the salt addition, both samples can be classified as practically harmless.engCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Ionic liquidsBattery safetyNon-aqueous electrolyteDSCBBDSMicrotox®22 Físicajournal article10.3390/batteries10090319open access