Crespo Vieira, AndrésRubiolo Gaytán, Juan AndrésLópez Alonso, HenarCifuentes Martínez, José ManuelAlfonso Rancaño, María AmparoBermúdez Pose, RobertoOtero Fuertes, María PazRodríguez Vieytes, MercedesVega Lisi, Félix VíctorBotana López, Luis Miguel2020-11-062020-11-062013Vieira, A.C.; Rubiolo, J.A.; López-Alonso, H.; Cifuentes, J.M.; Alfonso, A.; Bermúdez, R.; Otero, P.; Vieytes, M.R.; Vega, F.V.; Botana, L.M. Oral Toxicity of Okadaic Acid in Mice: Study of Lethality, Organ Damage, Distribution and Effects on Detoxifying Gene Expression. Toxins 2013, 5, 2093-2108http://hdl.handle.net/10347/23597In vivo, after administration by gavage to mice and rats, okadaic acid has been reported to produce lesions in liver, small intestine and forestomach. Because several reports differ in the damage detected in different organs, and on okadaic acid distribution after consumption, we determined the toxicity of this compound after oral administration to mice. After 24 hours, histopathological examination showed necrotic foci and lipid vacuoles in the livers of intoxicated animals. By immunohistochemical analysis, we detected this toxin in the liver and kidneys of intoxicated animals. Okadaic acid induces oxidative stress and can be activated in vitro into reactive compounds by the post-mitochondrial S9 fraction, so we studied the okadaic effect on the gene expression of antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes in liver. We observed a downregulation in the expression of these enzymes and a reduction of protein expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase 1 in intoxicated animalseng© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/Okadaic acidHistopathologyDiarrheaImmunohistochemistryLiverSuperoxide dismutase 1CatalaseQuantitative PCRMicejournal article10.3390/toxins51120932072-6651open access