Neuparth, TeresaAlves, NélsonMachado, Andrade M.Pinheiro, MarleneMontes Goyanes, RosaRodil Rodríguez, María del RosarioBarros, SusanaRuivo, RaquelCastro, Luis FilipeQuintana Álvarez, José BenitoSantos, Miguel Machado2022-09-142022T. Neuparth et al. Aquatic Toxicology, 2022, 244, 1060950166-445Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10347/29220The primary focus of environmental toxicological studies is to address the direct effects of chemicals on exposed organisms (parental generation – F0), mostly overlooking effects on subsequent non-exposed generations (F1 and F2 – intergenerational and F3 transgenerational, respectively). Here, we addressed the effects of simvastatin (SIM), one of the most widely prescribed human pharmaceuticals for the primary treatment of hypercholesterolemia, using the keystone crustacean Gammarus locusta. We demonstrate that SIM, at environmentally relevant concentrations, has significant inter and transgenerational (F1 and F3) effects in key signaling pathways involved in crustaceans’ neuroendocrine regulation (Ecdysteroids, Catecholamines, NO/cGMP/PKG, GABAergic and Cholinergic signaling pathways), concomitantly with changes in apical endpoints, such as depressed reproduction and growth. These findings are an essential step to improve hazard and risk assessment of biological active compounds, such as SIM, and highlight the importance of studying the transgenerational effects of environmental chemicals in animals’ neuroendocrine regulationeng© 2022, Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/SimvastatinGammarus locustaNeuroendocrine signaling pathwaysTranscriptomicInter and transgenerational effectsRegulatory agenciesjournal article10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106095open access