Markoulli, MariaGarcía Porta, NeryWolffsohn, James S.2025-10-222025-10-222024-08Contact Lens and Anterior Eye Volume 47, Issue 4, August 2024, 102157https://hdl.handle.net/10347/43335The global all-ages prevalence of epidemiologically-measured ‘functional’ presbyopia was estimated at 24.9% in 2015, affecting 1.8 billion people. This prevalence was projected to stabilise at 24.1% in 2030 due to increasing myopia, but to affect more people (2.1 billion) due to population dynamics. Factors affecting the prevalence of presbyopia include age, geographic location, urban versus rural location, sex, and, to a lesser extent, socioeconomic status, literacy and education, health literacy and inequality. Risk factors for early onset of presbyopia included environmental factors, nutrition, near demands, refractive error, accommodative dysfunction, medications, certain health conditions and sleep. Presbyopia was found to impact on quality-of-life, in particular quality of vision, labour force participation, work productivity and financial burden, mental health, social wellbeing and physical health. Current understanding makes it clear that presbyopia is a very common age-related condition that has significant impacts on both patient-reported outcome measures and economics. However, there are complexities in defining presbyopia for epidemiological and impact studies. Standardisation of definitions will assist future synthesis, pattern analysis and sense-making between studies.eng© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Contact Lens Association. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/AgeImpact of presbyopiaPatient-reported outcome measuresPresbyopia prevalenceQuality of lifeQuestionnaireRisk factorsUrbanjournal article10.1016/j.clae.2024.102157open access