RT Journal Article
T1 Portuguese community pharmacists' attitudes to and knowledge of antibiotic misuse: questionnaire development and reliability
A1 Roque, Fátima
A1 Soares, Sara
A1 Breitenfeld, Luiza
A1 González González, Cristian
A1 Figueiras Guzmán, Adolfo
A1 Herdeiro, Maria Teresa Ferreira
AB ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate the reliability of a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the attitudes and knowledge of community pharmacists in Portugal about microbial resistance and the antibiotic dispensing process.MethodsThis study was divided into the following three stages: (1) design of the questionnaire, which included a literature review and a qualitative study with focus-group sessions; (2) assessment of face and content validity, using a panel of experts and a pre-test of community pharmacists; and, (3) pilot study and reliability analysis, which included a test-retest study covering fifty practising pharmacists based at community pharmacies in five districts situated in Northern Portugal. Questionnaire reproducibility was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; 95% confidence interval) computed by means of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha.ResultsThe correlation coefficients were fair to good (ICC>0.4) for all statements (scale-items) regarding knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic resistance, and ranged from fair to good to excellent for statements about situations in which pharmacists acknowledged that antibiotics were sometimes dispensed without a medical prescription (ICC>0.8). Cronbach's alpha for this section was 0.716.ConclusionsThe questionnaire designed in this study is valid and reliable in terms of content validity, face validity and reproducibility.
PB PLOS
YR 2014
FD 2014
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10347/22176
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10347/22176
LA eng
NO Roque F, Soares S, Breitenfeld L, Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Figueiras A, Herdeiro MT (2014) Portuguese Community Pharmacists' Attitudes to and Knowledge of Antibiotic Misuse: Questionnaire Development and Reliability. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90470. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090470
NO This work was supported by Foundation for Science & Technology (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCT) grants [PTDC/SAU-ESA/105530/2008] and [Pest-OE/EGE/UI4056/2014] from the Portuguese Ministry of Science & Education
DS Minerva
RD 23 abr 2026