RT Journal Article
T1 Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation
A1 Martín Luna, Pablo
A1 Fernández Prieto, Antonio
A1 García Rivas, Iris
A1 Vázquez Regueiro, Pablo
A1 Hueso González, Fernando
K1 Photomultiplier tube
K1 Photodetector
K1 Proton therapy
K1 Passive voltage divider network
K1 Monte Carlo simulation
K1 Gain drift
AB The effects of the passive resistive voltage divider network in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) have been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code and compared with experimental measurements and an analytical model. The simulation code follows an iterative procedure that takes into account the transport and amplification of the electrons within the device depending on the electrostatic fields produced by the electrode voltages. The PMT gain, dynode voltages, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of the photocathode current and supply voltage. A good agreement between the analytical model, the simulations and numerous experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT has been obtained. The simulation results endorse the use of logistic functions within the analytical model to account for the collection efficiency in the last dynode stages. This works deepens the understanding of passive voltage dividers and develops an advanced behavioral circuit model of photomultiplier tubes. Although validated for a single PMT, the proposed methodology is applicable to any PMT model. This aids in optimizing the design of fully active voltage dividers, to be applied in extremely pulsed applications with high count rates such as prompt gamma-ray imaging during proton therapy.
PB Elsevier
SN 0924-4247
YR 2025
FD 2025-01-01
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10347/42824
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10347/42824
LA eng
NO Martín-Luna, P., Esperante, D., Casaña, J. V., Fernández Prieto, A., Fuster Martínez, N., García Rivas, I., Gimeno, B., Ginestar, D., González Iglesias, D., Hueso, J. L., Leptin, H. A., Llosá, G., Martínez Reviriego, P., Riera, J., Regueiro, Pablo Vázquez & Hueso González, F. (2024). Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 381, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2024.116057
NO This work was supported by Conselleria de Educación, Investigación, Cultura y Deporte (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain under grant numbers CDEIGENT/2019/011 and CDEIGENT/2021/012. This work has also received financial support through funds from the Industrial Doctorates program from the Xunta de Galicia (Galician Innovation Agency), Spain. P. Martín-Luna is supported by the Ministerio de Universidades (Gobierno de España), Spain under Grant Number FPU20/04958.
DS Minerva
RD 22 abr 2026