RT Journal Article
T1 Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring
A1 González Mariño, Iria
A1 Baz-Lomba, Jose Antonio
A1 Alygizakis, Nikiforos A.
A1 Andrés-Costa, María Jesús
A1 Bade, Richard
A1 Barron, Leon
A1 Been, Frederic
A1 Berset, Jean-Daniel
A1 Bijlsma, Lubertus
A1 Bodík, Igor
A1 Brenner, Asher
A1 Brock, Andreas L.
A1 Burgard, Daniel A.
A1 Castrignanò, Erika
A1 Christophoridis, Christophoros E.
A1 Covaci, Adrian
A1 Voogt, Pim de
A1 Devault, Damien A.
A1 Dias, Mário J.
A1 Emke, Erik
A1 Fatta-Kassinos, Despo
A1 Fedorova, Ganna
A1 Fytianos, Konstantinos
A1 Gerber, Cobus
A1 Grabic, Roman
A1 Grüner, Stefan
A1 Gunnar, Teemu
A1 Hapeshi, Evroula
A1 Heath, Ester
A1 Helm, Björn
A1 Hernández, Félix
A1 Kankaanpaa, Aino
A1 Karolak, Sara
A1 Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara
A1 Krizman-Matasic, Ivona
A1 Lai, Foon Yin
A1 Lechowicz, Wojciech
A1 Lopes, Alvaro
A1 López de Alda, Miren
A1 López-García, Ester
A1 Löve, Arndís S.C.
A1 Mastroianni, Nicola
A1 McEneff, Gillian L.
A1 Montes Goyanes, Rosa
A1 Munro, Kelly
A1 Nefau, Thomas
A1 Oberacher, Herbert
A1 O'Brien, Jake
A1 Olafsdottir, Kristin
A1 Picó, Yolanda
A1 Plósz, Benedek G.
A1 Polesel, Fabio
A1 Postigo, Cristina
A1 Quintana Álvarez, José Benito
A1 Ramin, Pedram
A1 Reid, Malcolm J.
A1 Rice, Jack
A1 Rodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario
A1 Senta, Ivan
A1 Simões, Susana M.
A1 Sremacki, Maja M.
A1 Styszko, Katarzyna
A1 Terzic, Senka
A1 Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.
A1 Thomas, Kevin V.
A1 Tscharke, Ben J.
A1 Nuijs, Alexander L. N. van
A1 Yargeau, Viviane
A1 Zuccato, Ettore
A1 Castiglioni, Sara
A1 Ort, Christoph
K1 Amphetamine
K1 Cocaine
K1 Ecstasy/MDMA
K1 Illicit drugs
K1 Methamphetamine
K1 Wastewater-based epidemiology
AB Background and aims Wastewater‐based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population‐normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011–17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data.  Design Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017.  Setting and Participants Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries.  Measurements Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world‐wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011–13 drug loads versus 2014–17 loads.  Findings Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North–Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge.  Conclusions The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real‐time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data
PB Wiley
YR 2019
FD 2019-10-23
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10347/20604
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10347/20604
LA eng
NO González-Mariño et al. Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addictions 115 (2020) 109-120
NO This study was supported by the following countries, institutions and projects Australia: Thyne Reid foundation; Canada: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Iceland: The Icelandic Research Fund (Grant number 163049–051); Slovenia: Slovene Research Agency (funding Project L1–9191); Spain: MINECO/AEI projects (CTM2014–56628‐C3–2‐R, CTQ2015–65603‐P, CTM2016–81935‐REDT, CTM2017–84763‐C3–2‐R), Galician Council of Culture, Education and Universities (ED481D 2017/003); UK: Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Thermo Fisher Scientific (CASE industrial scholarship for K. Munro, Ref.: EP/J502029/1). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA); EU International Training Network SEWPROF (Marie Curie‐FP7‐PEOPLE, grant number 317205); COST Action ES1307 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology); WATCH (Wastewater Analysis of Traces of illicit drug‐related Chemicals for law enforcement and public Health DG migration and Home affairs ‐ HOME/2015/ISFP/PR/DRUG/0062). Sampling support and provision of catchment information Austria: Klemens Geiger and Michael Schlapp; Belgium: Jonathan Phariseau, Bart Coene, Luc Van Os, Peter Nys, Dieter Lemaire, Jean‐François Mougel, Patrick Vantroyen and Karel Claes; Croatia: Marin Ganjto; Czech Republic: Jiri Stara and Robert Hrich Brněnské; France: Véronique Bremont; Italy: Roberto Mazzini and Francesca Pizza (Milan), Francesco Avolio (Bologna), Fabrizio Moratto and Sergio Ghezzi (Gorizia), Rosanna Brienza and Simona Panariello (Potenza), Pier Paolo Abis and Antonia Attanasio (Bari), Antonella Cicala (Palermo); Norway: Pia Ryrfors; Portugal: João Goulão, José Martins, Pedro Alvaro and Fátima Paixão; Slovakia: Silvia Antalová and Jozef Tichy; Spain: Begoña Martínez López, Cristian Mesa, Santiago Querol Rodriguez, Fernando Llavador, Enrique Albors and Gloria Fayos; the Netherlands: Alex Veltman, Peter Theijssen, Peter van Dijk, Stefan Wijers, Mark Stevens, Ferry de Wilde. Analytical support Australia: Maulik Ghetia; Cyprus: Popi Karaolia; Greece: Nikoilaos Raikos; Spain: Ana Maria Botero‐Coy, Clara Boix, Alberto Celma, Jorge Pitarch, Inés Racamonde and Eddie Fonseca; Italy: Emma Gracia‐Lor, Nikolaos I. Rousis and Noelia Salgueiro‐Gonzalez. Data repository and data screening Eawag: Harald von Waldow; EMCDDA: Renate Hochwieser, Liesbeth Vandam, João Matias and Federica Mathis
DS Minerva
RD 28 abr 2026