RT Journal Article T1 Measuring and implementing lexical alignment: A systematic literature review A1 Srivastava, Sumit A1 Wentzel, Suzanna D. A1 Catalá Bolós, Alejandro A1 Theune, Mariët K1 Lexical alignment K1 Entrainment K1 Measurement K1 Conversational agents AB Lexical Alignment is a phenomenon often found in human–human conversations, where the interlocutors converge during a conversation to use the same terms and phrases for the same underlying concepts. Alignment (linguistic) is a mechanism used by humans for better communication between interlocutors at various levels of linguistic knowledge and features, and one of them is lexical. The existing literature suggests that alignment has a significant role in communication between humans, and is also beneficial in human–agent communication. Various methods have been proposed in the past to measure lexical alignment in human–human conversations, and also to implement them in conversational agents. In this research, we carry out an analysis of the existing methods to measure lexical alignment and also dissect methods to implement it in a conversational agent for personalizing human–agent interactions. We propose a new set of criteria that such methods should meet and discuss the possible improvements that can be made to existing methods. PB Elsevier YR 2025 FD 2025-03 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10347/40844 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10347/40844 LA eng NO Srivastava, S., Wentzel, S.D., Catalá Bolós, A., Theune, M. (2025). Measuring and implementing lexical alignment: A systematic literature review. "Computer Speech & Language", vol. 90 NO Contribution from the ITN project NL4XAI (Natural Language for Explainable AI ). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860621. This document reflects the views of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the European commission. The REA cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information this document contains. This work was par- tially supported under grants PID2021-123152OB-C21 and TED2021-130295B-C33 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the Xunta de Galicia - Consellería de Cultura, Educación, Formación Profesional e Universidades (grants ED431F2018/02, ED431G2019/04, ED431C2022/19), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER program) DS Minerva RD 22 abr 2026