RT Journal Article
T1 Salivary lactoferrin levels in Down Syndrome: a case-control study
A1 Antequera, Desireé
A1 Sande López, Lucía
A1 García Mato, Eliane
A1 Romualdi, Deborah
A1 Carrero, Laura
A1 Municio, Cristina
A1 Diz Dios, Pedro
A1 Carro, Eva
K1 Alzheimer's disease
K1 Biomarkers
K1 Cognition
K1 Down Syndrome
K1 Infections
K1 Lactoferrin
K1 Saliva
AB Individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) have a high age-dependent risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to genetic causes, this high risk involves dysregulated immune-inflammatory system. Low lactoferrin levels, one of the main antimicrobial proteins present in saliva, has been associated with AD. Here, we evaluated whether salivary lactoferrin levels change across the life span of individuals with DS. The study included 152 participants, 72 subjects with DS and 80 euploid individuals, and were divided into those under and over 45 years of age, accordingly with the age-dependent risk of AD. Median of salivary lactoferrin were higher among DS individual, in parallel to salivary total protein, but there were no differences in the ratio of lactoferrin to total protein in saliva between groups. Only DS individuals had higher median salivary lactoferrin levels in the age group under 45 years. Meanwhile non-significant differences were detected for the ratio salivary lactoferrin levels to total salivary protein between groups under 45 years, those levels were lower in DS subjects over 45 years old compared with the age-matched control group. Furthermore, the ratio of salivary lactoferrin levels to total protein in DS was associated with cognitive decline being lower in demented groups compared with mild and moderate cognitive impairment groups. In summary, this study indicates that salivary lactoferrin was dysregulated in DS, with significant lower ratio of salivary lactoferrin levels to total salivary proteins in individuals with DS over 45 years old, a population with a gradually increasing risk of AD.
PB Elsevier
YR 2025
FD 2025-04-21
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10347/47081
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10347/47081
LA eng
NO Antequera, D., Sande, L., Mato, E. G., Romualdi, D., Carrero, L., Municio, C., Diz, P., & Carro, E. (2025). Salivary lactoferrin levels in Down Syndrome: a case-control study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity - Health, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBIH.2025.100999
NO This work was funded by Grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( PI22CIII/00042 ), CIBERNED ( CB05/06/0022 , PI2021/03 ), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation ( PID2022-139195OB-I00 ).
DS Minerva
RD 25 may 2026