RT Book,_Section T1 Grounded Normative Theory: Methodological Considerations on Visual Data and Communication During the California Wildfires, 2020–2021 A1 McGarry, Aidan A1 Treré, Emiliano A2 Ackerly, Brooke A. A2 Cabrera, Luis A2 Deveaux, Monique A2 Forman, Fonna A2 Fuji Johnson, Genevieve A2 Starblanket, Gina A2 Wiener, Antje K1 Visual image K1 Climate change K1 Communication K1 Twitter/X K1 Wildfire K1 Social movement AB Visual data is extremely mutable and open to interpretation, meaning that narratives located in and communicated through visual imagery on social media are contested. Their meaning is always in flux with some actors, notably social movement actors, attempting to ascribe particular narratives to visual images, and harness visual images to advance certain worldviews and arguments. This chapter uses the case of the California wildfires in 2020/2021 to explore how normative theory is grounded in empirical results and the tensions that arise when the data emerges from social movements attempting to shape narratives to supports their claims. It centers on the role of “facts” in the development of theory by drawing from the actions and discourse produced by actors on social media. By broadening and deepening the range of ideas, interests, and actors involved in anthropogenic climate change and visual communication, this chapter unearths previously hidden knowledge and facts, revealing narratives and discourses which inform societal understanding of climate crisis and extreme weather events such as wildfires. PB Oxford University Press SN 9780197766927 YR 2026 FD 2026-03-11 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10347/46724 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10347/46724 LA eng NO McGarry, Aidan, and Emiliano Treré, 'Grounded Normative Theory: Methodological Considerations on Visual Data and Communication During the California Wildfires, 2020–2021', in Brooke A Ackerly, and others (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Grounded and Engaged Normative Theory, Oxford Handbooks (New York, NY, 2026; online edn, Oxford Academic, 11 Mar. 2026), https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197766927.003.0035, accessed 15 Apr. 2026. DS Minerva RD 22 abr 2026