RT Journal Article
T1 Can long-term fertilization accelerate pedogenesis? Depicting soil processes boosted by annual NPK-inputs since 1928 on bare loess Luvisol (INRAE-Versailles, France)
A1 Van Oort, Folkert
A1 Paradelo Núñez, Remigio
A1 Baize, Denis
A1 Chenu, Claire
A1 Delarue, Ghislaine
A1 Guérin, Annie
A1 Proix, Nicolas
K1 Long-term bare-fallow experiment
K1 Fertilization
K1 Loess soil
K1 Clay leaching
K1 Acidification
K1 Mineral weathering
AB Human activities worldwide menace beneficial soil ecosystem services, but long-term anthropogenic impacts on soil properties and processes are often difficult to assess in field conditions. Here we exploited INRAE’s patrimonial ‘42-plots’ bare-fallow experiment, an unique long term experiment in the world created in 1928 in Versailles (France), to emphasize long-term impacts of annual inputs of NPK fertilizers (ammonium, phosphate, potassium salts) and basic amendments (lime, basic slag) on loess Luvisols. We selected plots receiving monovalent (Na+, K+), acid (NH4+), basic (Ca2+) and non-amended (reference) plots, thus embracing the today widely diverging physicochemical surface soils conditions. Temporal changes of soil characteristics were studied on historical archived topsoil samples, whereas soil-depth impacts were studied on samples from subsurface horizons collected in 2015 until 120-cm depth. Bare-fallow management caused a rapid organic matter (OM) decay, soil acidification, CEC reduction and lixiviation of cations. With reduced OM-buffering capacities, specific fertilizer-induced physicochemical conditions enhanced the development of several soil-forming processes. NH4-fertilizers amplified soil acidification (pH < 4), lixiviation (i.e. 1.5 kg m−2 of Ca), aluminization of the exchange complex, and weathering of ferromagnesian minerals and plagioclase feldspars. Under (NH4)2HPO4 fertilization, a quasi-total dissolution of chlorite and hornblende occurred, pointing to an acidocomplexolysis process in which the PO43- anion likely plays the role of complexing organic acids in Podzols. Ammonium fertilizers also affected E, B and C horizons. In reference plots, similar but lower effects remained restricted to the surface horizon. Na/K-fertilizers favoured substantial clay translocation (i.e. 10–15 kg m−2) from the Ap to underlying E and E/Bt horizons. Liming amendments counteracted acidifying effects of OM-depletion, and raised the pH to 8–8.5 and exchangeable Ca to >95%. It may be clear that the initial design specifications do not allow a direct comparison with current conditions of agricultural soils. However, in the view of global climate change, foreseeing a lowering of organic carbon contents in soils, the 42-plots trial acts like an “alert launcher”, forecasting risks of soil degradation with respect to mineral soil phases, parameters and processes, generally buffered and masked by the presence of organic matter. The 42-plots experiment forms a high-valued playing field for experimental research, offering a unique centennial time-span of differing physicochemical properties in a soil context with close initial pedogenetic connexion.
PB Elsevier
SN 0016-7061
YR 2022
FD 2022
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10347/37846
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10347/37846
LA eng
NO Geoderma Volume 416, 15 June 2022, 115808
NO We acknowledge financial support from INRAE’s ‘AgroEoSystem’ department and from the French ‘Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie’, (ADEME, 14-60-C0064). Remigio Paradelo acknowledges a ‘Ramón y Cajal’ fellowship (RYC-2016-19286) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO).
DS Minerva
RD 27 abr 2026