RT Journal Article
T1 Phonological fluency norms for Spanish middle-aged and older adults provided by the SCAND initiative (P, M, & R)
A1 Delgado Losada, María Luísa
A1 Rubio-Valdehita, Susana
A1 López Higes, Ramón
A1 Campos Magdaleno, María
A1 Ávila-Villanueva, M.
A1 Frades Payo, Belén
A1 Lojo Seoane, Cristina
K1 Normative data
K1 Phonological verbal fluency
K1 Ageing
K1 SCAND
K1 Spain
K1 Descriptive survey study
AB Objective:Verbal fluency tests are quick and easy to administer neuropsychological measures and are regularly used in neuropsychological assessment. Additionally, phonological fluency is a widely used paradigm that is sensitive to cognitive impairment. This paper offers normative data of phonological verbal fluency (letters P, M, R) for Spanish middle- and older-aged adults, considering sociodemographic factors, and different measures such as the total number of words, errors (perseveration and intrusions), and 15 sec-segmented scores.Method:A total of 1165 cognitively unimpaired participants aged between 50 and 89 years old, participated in the study. Data for P were obtained for all participants. Letters M and R were also administered to a subsample of participants (852) aged 60 to 89 years. In addition, errors and words produced every 15 seconds were collected in the subsample. To verify the effect of sociodemographic variables, linear regression was used. Adjustments were calculated for variables that explained at least 5% of the variance (R2 ≥ .05).Results:Means and standard deviations by age, scaled scores, and percentiles for all tests across different measures are shown. No determination coefficients equal to or greater than .05 were found for sex or age. The need to establish adjustments for the educational level was only found in some of the measures.Conclusions:The current norms provide clinically useful data to evaluate Spanish-speaking natives from Spain aged from 50 to 89 years. Specific patterns of cognitive impairment can be analyzed using these normative data and may be important in neuropsychological assessment.
PB Cambridge University Press
SN 1355-6177
YR 2023
FD 2023
LK http://hdl.handle.net/10347/31648
UL http://hdl.handle.net/10347/31648
LA eng
NO Delgado-Losada ML, Rubio-Valdehita S, López-Higes R, et al. Phonological fluency norms for Spanish middle-aged and older adults provided by the SCAND initiative (P, M, & R). Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2023:1-11
DS Minerva
RD 3 may 2026