Detection of the Accessory Mental Foramina on Human Mandibles Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on accessory mental foramen (AMF) research using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging. Methods A systematic review was performed in PubMed, Embase, Thomas Reuter's Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement. Articles focusing on AMF prevalence and location using CBCT imaging were selected without language restrictions. Studies reporting pooled results only or presenting any pathology in the area surrounding the mental foramen (MF) were excluded. A meta-analysis using random effects was performed. Results The present meta-analysis included a total of 46 articles involving 21,761 subjects. The overall pooled AMF prevalence was 7.87% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.69–9.24) in subjects and 4.75% (95% CI, 3.79–5.95) in hemimandibles (n = 31,158). AMF presence was most commonly unilateral, reaching 90.15% (95% CI, 82.98–94.49). AMFs were significantly more frequent in right hemimandibles (χ2 = 5.20, P < .05) and were most commonly located posterior and inferior to the MF. However, AMFs superior to the MF were also observed in 47.43% (95% CI, 38.45-56.58) of cases. The studies conducted over the last 3 years showed significantly higher AMF prevalence levels (χ2 = 5.12, P < .05). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrates that AMF prevalence is considerable and should not be underestimated. AMFs are most frequently located in right hemimandibles. The presence of AMFs superior to the MF is frequent. Around 3% of people present superior AMFs. This fact puts those patients at greater risk for injury when performing periapical surgery in this area