Analysis of Methodologies for the Evaluation of UNESCO's international programs Biosphere reserves and world Geoparks: A comparative study between Spain and Morocco

Abstract

Morocco, with its rich biodiversity, diverse ecosystems and unique geological formations, is uniquely positioned to benefit from these frameworks. However, the country faces significant challenges in achieving UNESCO recognition, as evidenced by the limited number of designated sites compared to neighbouring Mediterranean countries such as Spain. While Morocco boasts exceptional cultural and natural heritage, the disparity in UNESCO designations reflects underlying governance, financial and socio-political barriers that hinder effective management and recognition of sites. This study addresses two critical aspects of heritage management in Morocco. The first is an exploration of the systemic challenges that contribute to Morocco’s underrepresentation in UNESCO designations, particularly compared to Spain, which has successfully leveraged its natural and cultural assets to achieve international recognition.