Harnessing Grape Marc Polyphenols for Veterinary Health: Design and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Formulations

Abstract

Over the past century, antimicrobial agents have revolutionised the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality in both humans and animal species. However, their excessive and indiscriminate misuse has favoured the emergence of resistant microorganisms, turning antimicrobial resistance (AMR) into a major public health concern globally. The World Health Organization recognises this threat as a priority due to its health and environmental impact, being responsible for more than 35,000 human deaths annually in the European Union (EU), and an estimated economic burden of approximately €1.5 billion. In response, the EU implemented the One Health Action Plan in 2017, which aimed to promote the safe use of antimicrobials, reduce the emergence and spread of AMR, and foster the development of therapeutic alternatives. This plan also highlights the close interconnection between human, animal and environmental health, emphasising that more than 60% of emerging diseases have a zoonotic origin.