Sulfamethoxazole is Metabolized and Mineralized at Extremely Low Concentrations

Abstract

The presence of organic micropollutants in water and sediments motivates investigation of their biotransformation at environmentally low concentrations, usually in the range of μg L–1. Many are biotransformed by cometabolic mechanisms; however, there is scarce information concerning their direct metabolization in this concentration range. Threshold concentrations for microbial assimilation have been reported in both pure and mixed cultures from different origins. The literature suggests a range value for bacterial growth of 1–100 μg L–1 for isolated aerobic heterotrophs in the presence of a single substrate. We aimed to investigate, as a model case, the threshold level for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) metabolization in pure cultures of Microbacterium strain BR1. Previous research with this strain has covered the milligram L–1 range. In this study, acclimated cultures were exposed to concentrations from 0.1 to 25 μg L–1 of 14C-labeled SMX, and the 14C–CO2 produced was trapped and quantified over 24 h. Interestingly, SMX removal was rapid, with 98% removed within 2 h. In contrast, mineralization was slower, with a consistent percentage of 60.0 ± 0.7% found at all concentrations. Mineralization rates increased with rising concentrations. Therefore, this study shows that bacteria are capable of the direct metabolization of organic micropollutants at extremely low concentrations (sub μg L–1)