Análisis de la atención a Pacientes Crónicos Complejos en España. Desafíos y perspectivas
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Los avances en medicina y tecnología han aumentado la esperanza de vida, lo que ha incrementado la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) representan el 74% de las muertes globales y el 91% en España. Estos avances también han permitido la supervivencia de pacientes crónicos complejos (PCC), quienes consumen una gran parte de los recursos sanitarios. Esta revisión narrativa revisa cómo las Comunidades Autónomas (CC. AA) enfrentan este desafío y el papel de la profesión enfermera y sus perfiles emergentes en la gestión de la cronicidad, abarcando el periodo 2011-2024.
Los hallazgos muestran un cambio de perspectiva a nivel nacional, centrándose en la atención primaria para estos pacientes, y mejorando la organización y comunicación de los recursos sanitarios entre niveles. La enfermera familiar y comunitaria (EFyC), como líder en el cuidado de estos pacientes, y la enfermera gestora de casos(EGC), como coordinadora de recursos, son figuras clave en este proceso. Con estas medidas, algunas CC. AA han logrado reducir costes, estancias en el hospital y mejorar la calidad de la atención percibida y recibida por los pacientes.
Advances in medicine and technology have increased life expectancy, leading to a higher prevalence of chronic diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), non communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 74% of global deaths and 91% of deaths in Spain. These advances have also enabled the survival of complex chronic patients (PCC), who consume a significant portion of healthcare resources. This narrative review examines how the Autonomous Communities (AACC) are addressing this challenge and the role of the nursing profession and its emerging profiles in managing chronicity, covering the period from 2011 to 2024. The findings show a shift in perspective at the national level, focusing on primary care for these patients and improving the organization and communication of healthcare resources across levels. The family and community nurse, as a leader in the care of these patients, and the case manager nurse, as a coordinator of resources, are key figures in this process. With these measures, some CC. AA have managed to reduce costs, hospital stays, and improve the quality of care perceived and received by patients.
Advances in medicine and technology have increased life expectancy, leading to a higher prevalence of chronic diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), non communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 74% of global deaths and 91% of deaths in Spain. These advances have also enabled the survival of complex chronic patients (PCC), who consume a significant portion of healthcare resources. This narrative review examines how the Autonomous Communities (AACC) are addressing this challenge and the role of the nursing profession and its emerging profiles in managing chronicity, covering the period from 2011 to 2024. The findings show a shift in perspective at the national level, focusing on primary care for these patients and improving the organization and communication of healthcare resources across levels. The family and community nurse, as a leader in the care of these patients, and the case manager nurse, as a coordinator of resources, are key figures in this process. With these measures, some CC. AA have managed to reduce costs, hospital stays, and improve the quality of care perceived and received by patients.
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