Achyrocline satureioides: in silico and in vivo evaluation of the potential neuroprotective effect of the aqueous extract

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC is traditionally used as an infusion in several South American countries to treat various health conditions, including those affecting the central nervous system. Recent studies indicate its potential neuroprotective effects and suggest possible benefits in alleviating neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. However, its direct impact on the central nervous system remains underexplored. Aim of the study This study aimed to assess the Achyrocline satureioides effects infusion on dopaminergic and cholinergic neurodegeneration patterns induced by reserpine or manganese in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and to perform in silico analysis of the primary bioactive compounds in the Achyrocline satureioides aqueous extract (ASAE). Materials and methods Using C. elegans as an experimental model, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Achyrocline satureioides on dopaminergic and/or cholinergic neurodegeneration induced by reserpine or manganese. Behavioral assays evaluated the preservation of motor function and pharyngeal pumping in nematodes. In addition, in silico studies were performed with the bioactive compounds identified in the extract and compared with drugs currently used for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Results In the studies with C. elegans, neurodegeneration induced by reserpine (60 μM) was attenuated at the highest extract concentration (25 mg/ml) tested. Additionally, animals previously exposed to the extract exhibited improved behavior at both concentrations (10 and 25 mg/ml). When neurodegeneration was induced by manganese (50 mM), both concentrations of the ASAE reduced neurodegeneration and improved behavior. In silico studies evaluated the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) properties and molecular docking of identified compounds against established targets associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusions The Achyrocline satureioides bioactive compounds appear to influence pathways targeted by current therapies for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The aqueous extract demonstrated promising neuroprotective potential and modulation of the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems, reducing neurodegenerative damage and enhancing behavior.